The Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment | World History | Khan Academy
The Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment | World History | Khan Academy
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An overview of how the Scientific Revolution catalyzed the Age of Enlightenment with a discussion of the degree to which Enlightenment ideas have or even can be fulfilled.
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Content
0.16 -> as we get into the 1500s the renaissance
3.679 -> has been going on for roughly 200 years
7.44 -> especially europe has been rediscovering
10.639 -> the knowledge from the greeks and from
13.04 -> the romans and as they enter into the
15.36 -> 16th century they start to go beyond the
18.48 -> knowledge of the greeks and the romans
21.76 -> in 1543 nicolas copernicus publishes on
25.84 -> the revolutions of the heavenly spheres
28.72 -> famous for suggesting that earth is not
31.359 -> the center of the universe but that the
33.6 -> earth revolves around the sun
36.8 -> what was powerful about this is it
38.96 -> challenged centuries-old ideas about how
42.48 -> the universe worked and at a meta level
45.68 -> it was about using new methods and
47.76 -> evidence in order to make conclusions no
50.48 -> matter how revolutionary those
52.719 -> conclusions might be
54.8 -> and this publication is often cited as
57.76 -> the beginning of what will be known as
60.879 -> the scientific revolution
63.28 -> many people view the capstone of the
65.84 -> scientific revolution to be
68.479 -> newton's publication of principia in
72 -> 1687
74 -> and this is an incredibly powerful
76.4 -> publication it describes the laws of the
79.6 -> universe it's a universe in which most
82.96 -> things can be explained with simple
85.6 -> principles with mathematics this is so
88.24 -> powerful that it would not be challenged
89.84 -> for over 200 years until albert einstein
92.88 -> comes on the scene with his theories of
95.2 -> relativity but even today
97.84 -> newton's laws this is what is taught in
100.479 -> a first-year physics class this is what
103.04 -> you will learn in an introductory
104.88 -> engineering class so there's many things
107.2 -> to think about why did this happen at
109.36 -> this period in time how was it related
111.759 -> to the renaissance how is it related to
114.079 -> things that were happening in politics
115.759 -> in europe at the time but needless to
118.24 -> say it gave humanity a new perspective
121.68 -> on the universe
123.04 -> and it gave humanity new powers and we
125.6 -> began to challenge all assumptions and
128.8 -> so as we get into the late 1600s and
132.48 -> early 1700s people start trying to use
136.319 -> these same tools the same deductive
139.12 -> reasoning on some of the oldest
141.52 -> questions that humanity has ever asked
144 -> itself questions like
146.239 -> what rights do we have as human beings
149.599 -> who gets those rights
152.16 -> what duty and obligation do we have
154.56 -> towards each other
156.56 -> what is the role of government
158.959 -> who has the right to rule
161.92 -> now some of these questions have been
164.16 -> the fodder of philosophers and religion
167.76 -> for thousands of years but now there was
170.879 -> the power and the tools and the
172.959 -> challenging notions of the scientific
175.36 -> revolution and this philosophical
177.599 -> movement that is really tied to the
179.599 -> scientific revolution is known as the
182.959 -> enlightenment
184.4 -> and just to have an example of the
186.56 -> thinking during the enlightenment
189.76 -> here is a passage from john locke who's
192.56 -> considered one of the pillars of the
194.159 -> enlightenment this is published in 1689
196.64 -> it's the second treatise concerning
198.56 -> civil government
200 -> the state of nature has a law of nature
202.48 -> to govern it which obliges everyone
205.84 -> and reason which is that law so reason
209.04 -> is the law of nature to govern it
211.44 -> teaches all mankind who will but
214 -> consulted that being all equal and
216.799 -> independent no one ought to harm another
219.76 -> in his life health liberty or
221.68 -> possessions
222.799 -> and when his own preservation comes not
225.12 -> in competition
226.48 -> ought he as much as he can to preserve
229.36 -> the rest of mankind and may not unless
232.239 -> it be to do justice on an offender take
235.2 -> away or impair the life or what tends to
238.319 -> the preservation of the life the liberty
240.959 -> health limb or goods of another now to
244.08 -> parse what he's saying he says that
245.92 -> reason is this natural law that should
248.319 -> govern human action
250.159 -> and he's saying no one ought to harm
252.48 -> anyone else and that if we're not in
254.159 -> competition maybe there's only enough
255.68 -> food for one of us and there's two of us
257.28 -> there in which case we'd be in
258.239 -> competition but if there isn't that
259.919 -> competition we should be trying to help
262.4 -> each other and we should be trying to
264.4 -> preserve the rest of mankind and unless
267.68 -> it's for the purpose of justice you
270 -> don't have the right to take away or
272.08 -> impair the life or things that help
274.4 -> preserve the life the liberty the health
277.12 -> limb or goods of another now you might
279.68 -> say hey isn't this common sense and
281.52 -> religions for all of time have touched
283.759 -> on some of these issues
285.28 -> but you also have to appreciate that
286.96 -> this is a time when kings and emperors
289.759 -> ruled the world what gave them that
292.4 -> right why are certain people slaves and
294.88 -> other people not slaves why do certain
297.28 -> people in that world have a right to own
299.6 -> these other people and so this was a
301.52 -> very controversial idea challenging some
304.08 -> of these fundamental notions of who
306.56 -> should rule who has the right to rule
308.88 -> and to what degree should people exert
310.88 -> control over one another so given these
314.32 -> challenging notions of the enlightenment
316.24 -> and john locke was only one of the
317.84 -> actors who would figure prominently in
320 -> this roughly hundred year period it's no
322.72 -> surprise that as you get into the late
324.72 -> 1700s and early 1800s you have a whole
328.88 -> string of revolutions especially in the
331.52 -> americas to a large degree inspired by
334.639 -> the ideas of the enlightenment things
336.8 -> like life liberty health in the united
339.12 -> states declaration of independence these
341.12 -> things are cited during the french
343.12 -> revolution these things are cited in the
345.68 -> various revolutions in latin america
347.919 -> these ideas are cited now one of the
350.8 -> reasons why the enlightenment came about
352.8 -> when it did not only did we have new
354.479 -> tools of thinking and the opportunity to
356.72 -> challenge notions but it might have been
358.4 -> that society now had the responsibility
360.08 -> to think a little bit deeper about these
361.759 -> ideas because it was getting more and
363.44 -> more powers through the scientific
365.28 -> revolution and those powers were
367.199 -> becoming even more significant when that
369.52 -> science was applied during the
372.08 -> industrial revolution
374.08 -> now society could produce more than it
376.24 -> could ever produce before but as we talk
378.72 -> about in other videos the industrial
380.8 -> revolution had a certain hunger for raw
382.639 -> materials and a certain hunger for
385.12 -> markets in which to sell your finished
387.36 -> product it also allowed for more
389.44 -> powerful weapons and ways to project
391.52 -> power and to control a larger empire
394.479 -> methods of communication methods of
396.72 -> force
397.6 -> and many historians tie it directly to
400.639 -> the age of imperialism where especially
402.56 -> western european powers sought areas to
406.16 -> get raw materials and markets in which
408.8 -> they could push their finished products
411.36 -> and so as the industrialized world had
413.68 -> more and more power these ideas of the
416.319 -> enlightenment became maybe even more
418.8 -> relevant even though they might not have
420.56 -> been implemented consistently during the
422.639 -> age of imperialism and as we've seen in
424.88 -> other videos even though the technology
427.599 -> keeps accelerating during the industrial
429.52 -> revolution the philosophy and the moral
432.479 -> framework does not accelerate along with
435.199 -> it and in the 20th century we see one of
438.08 -> the bloodiest centuries in all of human
440.96 -> history so let me leave you with a final
443.36 -> series of questions as we go into the
446.16 -> 1800s we talked about the various
448 -> independence movements especially in the
449.84 -> americas we also have the abolishing of
452.479 -> slavery in most of the world around this
456.08 -> time period and so to some degree it
458.72 -> looks like the ideas of the
460.16 -> enlightenment are coming to be but at
462.479 -> the exact same time you have the age of
465.12 -> imperialism where more and more control
467.68 -> is exerted over people around the planet
471.039 -> this all comes to a head in world war
473.84 -> one which is one of the bloodiest
475.599 -> conflicts in all of human history so to
478.479 -> what degree did the enlightenment help
481.039 -> the world and to what degree did it not
483.199 -> get fulfilled or maybe in some way
486 -> things like world war one and world war
488.56 -> ii
489.28 -> were the birthing pangs the transition
492.4 -> state from the world before the
495.12 -> enlightenment and how close are we truly
497.599 -> to those ideals today
499.759 -> in a future video i'm going to talk
501.52 -> about that i'm going to talk about the
502.96 -> idea of human rights and how we as a
505.919 -> civilization have attempted to address
508.08 -> it after world war ii
Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7vL4-Ophj5s