How Richest City in History Collapsed
How Richest City in History Collapsed
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How did the world’s richest city in history collapse and vanish, leaving behind only remnants of the once-great empire? Check out today’s epic new video to discover how a wonder of the world was brought down to ruins.
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Content
0 -> The gods look down on the city of Babylon.
Its massive tower reaches into the sky;
4.62 -> walls wide enough to host chariot races atop them
wrap around the city; beautiful architecture and
9.96 -> golden statues adorn every street and temple.
The rulers of Babylon know wealth beyond any
14.88 -> foreign king’s dreams. Their citizens embrace
the vibrance of life and protection only the
19.62 -> walls of Babylon can offer. Too bad it
all has to end in death and destruction.
23.46 -> It’s 2,000 years before the birth of the child
that Christians will call Messiah. Sargon of
28.74 -> Akkad looks upon a minor port town that sits
on the banks of the Euphrates. He has visions
33.66 -> of what the village could become. It will
never reach that stature in his lifetime,
37.74 -> but Babylon will be glorious. The gods
will look down on it and know that Sargon
42.54 -> of Akkad had a vision that started
the small port on a path to glory.
46.56 -> It takes around 100 years to transition Babylon
into the beginnings of a metropolis. Once this
51.9 -> happens, the city becomes known as the Jewel
of the Ancient world. Sargon leaves the mortal
56.34 -> plane to join the gods in the heavens.
King Shar-Kali-Sharri is now the ruler
60.72 -> of the growing city. He builds two large
temples to appease the gods. More and more
65.22 -> goods travel through his port on their way to
and from the furthest reaches of Mesopotamia.
70.08 -> For hundreds of years, the city grows. The kings
of different empires rise and fell. It’s not yet
75.18 -> time for Babylon to conquer the world, but that
day will soon come. With every season that passes,
80.28 -> more people discover opportunities within Babylon.
Shipping lanes passing through the city grow,
85.32 -> and with them, the amount of wealth
accumulated by its rulers increases.
88.92 -> Babylonians are some of the first people
to see the newest and most exotic goods as
93.3 -> they pass through Mesopotamia. New ideas
and stories are unloaded off the boats,
97.74 -> along with supplies and riches. Technology
that can only have been bestowed on people
102 -> by the gods is introduced to the populace.
Scholars and workers use these innovations
106.62 -> to develop some of the first forms of
writing, mathematics, and irrigation.
110.4 -> Babylon is no longer a backwater port in
Mesopotamia, it’s a thriving city, and in
115.26 -> the coming years, it will become the richest and
most powerful urban center in the entire world.
119.88 -> But before Babylon can achieve
greatness, it must fail.
123.54 -> Before we continue with Babylon though,
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180.66 -> Now, back to Babylon.
King Sin-Muballit sits atop one of
185.1 -> the Ziggurats in the middle of Babylon. It is now
1800 years before the god-child will be born in
190.68 -> Bethlehem. Sin-Muballit gazes across the landscape
at the bustling city. This temple is dedicated to
196.5 -> Marduk, the chief god that watches over Baylon.
He knows that the city is growing in wealth,
201.12 -> but it’s missing something. All of the people
that enter its walls via boat or caravan add
205.98 -> a little bit of their own culture to the city.
The walls are strong, and business is thriving,
210.18 -> but there could be more. Sin-Muballit
asks for guidance from the gods; then,
214.5 -> it dawns on him. It’s not enough for Babylon
to be powerful; it must be beautiful as well.
219.24 -> King Sin-Muballit makes it his mission to beautify
the city, to make it not just a wonderful place
224.58 -> to live but something that the gods will be
jealous of. However, in order to do this,
228.3 -> the king needs more subjects and influence
in the region. He orders the workers,
232.14 -> slaves, and artists of Babylon to
construct more temples, golden statues,
236.28 -> and vibrant pieces of art. While this is
happening, Sin-Muballit gathers his army
239.82 -> and begins a military campaign against one of the
most powerful city-states in the region, Larsa.
245.22 -> Battles are fought in the desert; blood
soaks into the sand. Sin-Muballit’s
249.72 -> infantry and cavalry fight valiantly but
are eventually overcome by the superior
253.8 -> Larsa force. Sin-Muballit is forced to abdicate
his throne and go into exile. His son will take
259.08 -> his place. For Sin-Muballit, it feels like
the gods have forsaken him. But for Babylon,
263.4 -> things are about to change forever. Their new
king will continue his father’s work and turn
267.84 -> Babylon into something more than just a city;
it will become the heart of a vibrant empire.
272.28 -> King Hammurabi replaces his father as
king of Babylon 1,759 years before the
278.34 -> birth of Christ. When the king of Larsa
comes knocking at the gates of Babylon,
281.94 -> Hammurabi welcomes him in. He reassures the ruler
of Larsa that he is not like his father and wants
287.04 -> nothing more than to make sure Larsa thrives.
This is a lie, but Hammurabi sells it well.
291.6 -> Within the walls of the city, Hammurabi
continues the beautification of Babylon. However,
295.92 -> this is partly to create a distraction
from what he is actually doing. In secret,
300.24 -> Hammurabi is training an army that will
conquer the surrounding city-states and
304.08 -> make Babylon the dominant power in the
region. Larsa believes that their troubles
307.86 -> with Babylon are over. Hammurabi is
nothing but submissive and helpful.
311.64 -> When forces of the neighboring
region of Elamites invade Larsa,
315.24 -> Hammurabi sends his newly trained military to aid
in the fight. With the help of the Babylon army,
320.52 -> Larsa is able to repel the attack. The king
of Larsa showers Hammurabi with praise. The
325.68 -> Babylonian king accepts the thanks with a wicked
smile creeping up the sides of his lips. Once the
330.54 -> Elamite forces are dealt with, Hammurabi turns his
army on the weakened city-states in the region.
335.1 -> He easily takes Isin and Uruk. Next, Hammurabi
forms alliances with the Lagash and Nippur
340.8 -> city-states. Then he conquers Larsa completely.
With new sources of money and labor flowing into
345.72 -> Babylon, Hammurabi grows the city into the most
beautiful and powerful settlement the world has
350.58 -> ever known. He extends the walls for protection,
builds new irrigation channels to support the
355.2 -> booming population, and makes administrative
changes that will last for centuries.
358.98 -> Hammurabi carries out more campaigns to
increase Babylon's wealth and sphere of
363.12 -> influence. Once new regions are conquered,
the king uses his skills as a diplomat to
367.38 -> maintain good relations with other rulers.
Public works are commissioned across the city
371.46 -> to glorify Babylon and astound visitors. New
canals are dug to increase the city’s capacity
376.86 -> for trade. Everything that Hammurabi does
increases the wealth and glory of the city.
381 -> Hammurabi makes Babylon into an empire that rivals
all others in the region. And as time passes,
386.46 -> the city of Babylon becomes the largest
and most powerful urban center in the known
390.24 -> world. The king implements a new system
of laws called The Code of Hammurabi,
394.68 -> which he starts in his magnificent capital. It’s
one of the oldest forms of official law in the
399.78 -> entire world. The Code of Hammurabi is carved into
stone tablets and structures across the empire,
404.34 -> ensuring they will survive the test
of time. People no longer have to
407.94 -> guess what the laws of the land are;
they can read them written in stone.
411.54 -> Individuals who used to get away with a slap
on the wrist for committing a crime are now
416.1 -> served quick and merciless justice by The Code
of Hammurabi. There are 282 laws. Inhabitants of
422.16 -> the city are held to the highest standards,
and punishments can be carried out by other
425.82 -> citizens and the guards of Babylon. Rules such
as: if he break another man's bone, his bone
431.28 -> shall be broken; if a man knocks out the teeth of
his equal, his teeth shall be knocked out; and if
436.14 -> a builder builds a house for someone and does
not construct it properly, and the house which
439.86 -> he built falls in and kills its owner, then that
builder shall be put to death; apply to everyone.
444.66 -> These are strict and harsh laws, but they keep
relative peace and order within the city walls.
449.64 -> By 1755 BCE Hammurabi controls all of Mesopotamia
and rules it from the city of Babylon. In fact,
456.36 -> Hammurabi has been so successful that
Babylon no longer just means the city
460.5 -> itself but the empire as a whole. He is not
quite a god, but he is as close as one can
465.72 -> get. Hammurabi conquers the region using
force along with diplomatic negotiations
470.1 -> between powerful city-states that
prove to be mutually beneficial.
473.58 -> The city of Babylon now houses over 100,000
476.46 -> people within its walls. It’s the largest and
most populated urban center that the world has
481.14 -> known. Hammurabi rules from a massive
palace of which the likes will never be
485.46 -> seen again. Its halls are adorned with golden
statues and works of art. Entire surfaces are
490.92 -> covered in jewels and priceless paintings.
The King even sits at a table of pure gold.
495.48 -> But like everything in the mortal realm,
all must come to an end. Hammurabi may be
500.28 -> thought of by some as a god, but he is only
mortal. He lives to the age of 60 and passes
505.08 -> away. Hammurabi is succeeded by his sons,
who will watch in horror as their father’s
509.58 -> once great city falls apart all around them.
And even though Babylon is about to crumble,
513.66 -> it will rise again. This is the way of the
wealthiest and most powerful city in the
518.22 -> ancient world. It’s as if the gods want to give
the Babylonians one more chance to thrive. But
522.96 -> before this second chance, the great city will
be ravaged by enemy soldiers and their rulers.
527.4 -> Hammurabi’s sons are not brilliant leaders or
savvy diplomats. They do not have the dedication,
532.56 -> talent, or vision that their father possessed.
Outside powers realize this and seize the city
537.12 -> for themselves. The Kassites conquer Babylon and
rename the city Karanduniash. And although Babylon
543.18 -> may have changed rulers and its name, the wealth
of the city continues to grow. Regardless of which
547.98 -> empire it is a part of, the ports still thrive,
the people continue to innovate, and the riches
552.48 -> keep pouring in. During this time, enormous
ziggurats are built to celebrate the gods.
557.1 -> This monumental architecture is so impressive
that it leads to stories and myths spreading
561.66 -> across the empire. The most famous of these
accounts is later written down in the Torah
565.8 -> and makes its way into the Genesis story
in the Bible. It’s said that the builders
569.46 -> of Babylon are so ambitious that they want
to build a tower that reaches the heavens.
573.54 -> And although there is some truth to this, as the
ziggurats are believed to have been constructed
577.56 -> to bring worshipers closer to the gods, what
happens next is most likely an exaggeration.
582.24 -> When God sees the hubris of the builders
of Babylon, he casts a curse that causes
587.04 -> everyone to speak a different language.
Without being able to understand one other,
590.1 -> the builders cannot finish the tower, and it never
reaches the heavens. This structure becomes known
594.84 -> as the Tower of Babble. However, the story
itself is probably just a lesson incorporated
598.92 -> into the Jewish belief system as a warning
that only God can choose who goes to heaven.
603.36 -> Even though the tale of the
Tower of Babbel is exaggerated,
606.3 -> a tall structure in Babylon does
exist. This ziggurat is estimated to
610.02 -> be around 100 meters high and is one of the
tallest structures in ancient Mesopotamia.
614.34 -> In 1595 BCE King Mursilis leads his Hittite
army to sack Babylon. The city has lost much
621.12 -> of its power and, without a strong ruler,
eventually succumbs to the marauding armies
625.26 -> from other parts of Mesopotamia. The Dark
Ages of Babylon are about to begin. Yet,
629.82 -> even in the darkest night, there is
light. Babylon will rise again like
634.02 -> a phoenix from the ashes, and it will
make those who conquered it pay dearly.
637.74 -> For centuries the city has been
controlled by various empires,
640.92 -> but the Assyrians always seem to regain power.
As the 7th century BCE begins, the Babylonians
646.5 -> can no longer tolerate being oppressed by outside
rulers. Revolts break out across the city. King
651.84 -> Sennacherib tries to control the populace of
Babylon, but they will not be reasoned with.
656.28 -> He becomes fed up with the Babylonians and
sends his military to suppress the rebellion.
660.66 -> People run through the streets screaming
as Assyrian soldiers slaughter men, women,
664.92 -> and children. Businesses are burnt to their
foundations; homes are raided. The entire
669.18 -> city becomes a war zone. Babylon is razed to the
ground; its ruins are left to smolder as a sign
674.16 -> that disobedience will not be tolerated. People
around the empire are horrified by Sennacherib's
679.44 -> violent response in Babylon. The city is still
revered. The populace is so disgusted by the
684.54 -> king’s treatment of Babylon that his own
sons assassinate him as an act of revenge.
688.74 -> King Esarhaddon becomes the city's new ruler and
immediately implements a series of campaigns to
694.32 -> rebuild Babylon and return it to its former glory.
Babylon is set on a path that will lead to a new
699.36 -> empire. Unique works of art are created
to venerate the city, temples are rebuilt,
703.8 -> and Babylon gains a reputation for being
the capital for culture and learning.
707.94 -> Then the unimaginable happens. The Assyrian
Empire falls, and Babylon finds itself in a
713.22 -> power vacuum. Babylon starts to regain
its former power. King Nabopolassar
717.72 -> takes the throne and begins strategically
building alliances in the area. It will
721.98 -> be several years before Babylon once again
re-establishes itself as the most powerful
725.94 -> city in the world and rebuilds its empire.
When Nabopolassar’s son rises to the throne,
730.8 -> Babylon will have grown to become larger and more
powerful than ever before. It’s during this time
735.48 -> that Babylon conquers lands across Mesopotamia,
and its wealth grows to unimaginable levels.
740.4 -> Nebuchadnezzar II ascends to the throne in 605
BCE. Babylon is now around 2,200 acres in size and
747.36 -> has a population of well over 100,000 people.
All who visit the city are in awe and spread
752.16 -> word of its magnificence across Mesopotamia. Many
revel at the massive gardens and impressive art.
757.5 -> Others write about the great ziggurat Etemenanki,
known as "the foundation of heaven and earth".
762.9 -> The new king walks the streets of Babylon,
escorted by elite soldiers. He gazes at the
768.36 -> stalls of different merchants selling spices and
goods from across the empire. He looks upon the
772.68 -> ships sailing down the Euphrates and entering
the complex system of canals and docks within
776.94 -> the city walls to bring even more wealth to
Babylon. Nebuchadnezzar visits the military
781.44 -> camps to watch soldiers train so that he
might use them to extend the borders of his
785.52 -> domain even further. It seems as if nothing
can stop the expansion of this new Babylon.
790.26 -> Nebuchadnezzar II continues the tradition of
building monuments and fortifying the city. He
795.36 -> constructs bigger and stronger walls that stand
40 feet high. They are so massive that it is said
799.8 -> chariot races can be held atop them while
spectators watch the events from below. The
804.42 -> king has the Ishtar Gate constructed as part of
his plan to beautify his empire's capital and as
809.46 -> an impressive monument to welcome people
into the city. Rumors of hanging gardens
813.66 -> spread throughout the empire. The Hanging
Gardens of Babylon consist of exotic plants,
817.98 -> magnificent fountains, and beautiful walkways.
The structure is so beautiful that it’s considered
822.66 -> one of the wonders of the ancient world.
However, these gardens might not actually
826.26 -> be in Babylon. It’s through an ancient game
of telephone and the veneration of the city
831 -> which leads people to believe that the
gardens are located within its walls.
834.24 -> Instead, the Hanging Gardens may
have been built by the Assyrian
837.24 -> King Sennacherib and located in his
capital of Nineveh. This information
841.74 -> could have become distorted by famous
scholars such as Herodotus and Diodorus,
846.24 -> making the Hanging Gardens of Babylon infamous
even if this is not where they existed.
850.56 -> Nebuchadnezzar builds more temples and shrines
to the gods within Babylon’s walls to ensure
855.48 -> they look favorably on his new empire. The ports
are extended to increase trade and bring in more
860.58 -> wealth. The supply of goods and money coming into
Babylon seems endless. The king has three palaces,
865.5 -> each more impressive than the last. Nebuchadnezzar
uses his military to expand his empire. He
870.6 -> conquers Jerusalem and deports thousands
of Jewish people to Babylon as slaves.
874.86 -> But like all of the rulers that came before him,
Nebuchadnezzar eventually dies, and with his
879.42 -> death, the mighty city of Babylon begins to fall
once again. In 539 BCE, Cyrus, the king of Persia,
885.96 -> sets his sights on Babylon. The city is still
glorious, and the beautification of its structures
891 -> has continued thanks to its accumulated wealth
from trade and tribute coming from within the
895.56 -> empire. However, beauty and wealth cannot protect
a city from the powerful military of an enemy.
900.48 -> Cyrus and his forces approach the fabled city.
The King of Persia stares at the massive walls
905.28 -> of Babylon. He knows that the rulers are weak
and their army is smaller than his own. His
909.54 -> soldiers are well-trained and ruthless.
However, if he attacks Babylon head-on,
913.26 -> there is a very good chance his forces will not
be able to penetrate the well-fortified city, and
917.82 -> he will lose thousands of men. Cyrus ponders this
predicament and meets with his military advisors.
922.86 -> They conclude that the Euphrates
is the lifeblood of the city,
925.8 -> but it could also be its downfall. Cyrus
orders his soldiers to start digging
929.94 -> tributaries upstream. This causes the Euphrates’
waters to flow away from Babylon. Day after day,
935.28 -> the water level flowing into the city lowers.
Cyrus waits patiently for the opportune moment.
940.08 -> His generals test the depth of the water at
each sunrise to measure their progress. The
944.94 -> timing is perfect. The Babylonians believe
they are safe behind the city’s impenetrable
948.78 -> stone walls. Even with the enemy outside, the
Babylonians begin celebrating an important
953.46 -> religious festival. There is a great feast, the
wine flows freely, and the citizens of Babylon
958.62 -> have all but forgotten about the Persian army
that patiently waits outside the city gates.
963.18 -> As the Babylonians continue to celebrate
the gods and the magnificence of their city,
967.08 -> the Persian army wades into the Euphrates.
They march through the water, which has been
971.52 -> lowered thanks to the channels dug upstream.
The soldiers approach the walls that have stood
976.02 -> in their way for so long and slip underneath
them undetected. Even the Babylonian guards
980.88 -> are distracted by the celebration and do
not realize the enemy has begun to move.
984.54 -> The Persian soldiers make their way inside the
walls of Babylon. They proceed down the streets,
989.1 -> silently killing anyone they come across.
The Persian forces inside the city open the
993.66 -> gates and allow the rest of Cyrus’ men to flood
through the opening like a monsoon. The Babylonian
998.64 -> soldiers scramble to mount a defense, but it’s
too late. They can no longer hold the line as
1003.56 -> more and more Persian soldiers enter the city.
Babylon has fallen. The richest and most beautiful
1008.54 -> city in all of Mesopotamia is once again at the
mercy of a foreign power. The Persian forces do
1013.88 -> not destroy the city but instead deal with
any resistance they come across and keep the
1017.9 -> infrastructure, palaces, and temples largely
intact. It would have been a shame to ruin
1021.92 -> such a magnificent city. Cyrus incorporates
Babylon into his empire, where it flourishes.
1026.54 -> Babylon becomes a major hub
of education, mathematics,
1029.72 -> and science. New forms of art that marry
Persian and Babylonian influence pop
1033.56 -> up around the city. Cyrus makes Babylon
one of his major administrative capitals
1037.46 -> to help rule the empire. Advances in
cosmology and astronomy are produced,
1041.66 -> which in turn helps with navigation, agriculture,
and creating an even more precise calendar.
1046.52 -> Many believe that Babylon fell when Cyrus
conquered the city and incorporated it into
1051.32 -> the Persian Empire. However, most evidence points
to the contrary. Babylon may not rule its own
1056.3 -> empire anymore, but the city itself continues
to amass wealth. Its ports are now open to
1061.04 -> goods coming from the furthest reaches east,
which means new and even more exotic plants,
1066.02 -> animals, and spices are making their way
into Babylon. The original identity of the
1070.1 -> Babylonians is still present in the city,
but with a mix of other ethnicities. Yet,
1074.42 -> there are some who are unhappy to
be under the rule of another King.
1077.54 -> Factions within Babylon long for a time
when they ruled themselves and spread their
1082.28 -> own influence across Mesopotamia. The growing
unrest will be the great city’s final undoing.
1087.14 -> Cyrus eventually passes away, and his
son Cambyses becomes the new ruler of
1091.94 -> Persia. However, his rule is short, and he is
replaced by Darius I. Throughout this time,
1096.86 -> unrest is growing in Babylon. The Persian kings
are not taking their duties to Babylon seriously.
1101.9 -> They do not engage in religious festivals
or spend significant time ruling from the
1106.16 -> palaces of the city. Babylon needs a king, and
the Persians are not meeting their standards.
1110.84 -> In 522 BCE, revolts break out across the city.
Persian forces are called in to keep the peace.
1117.02 -> Babylonians rally behind figureheads such
as Nebuchadnezzar III and Nebuchadnezzar
1121.52 -> IV to wage an internal war against their Persian
overlords. The Babylonians force the Persians out
1127.04 -> of their city and try to fortify their position.
But Darius will not let go of his hold on Babylon.
1131.9 -> More forces are dispatched to the rebellious
city on the Euphrates. Battles are waged,
1136.4 -> and soldiers are slaughtered. The river runs red
with the blood of Persians and Babylonians alike.
1141.02 -> Darius finally regains control of the city
and stations more of his forces there to
1145.64 -> suppress any potential uprising. He will not
allow Babylon to separate from Persia. For
1150.32 -> decades tense relationships between the king
of Persia and the Babylonians continues. King
1154.7 -> Darius is succeeded by his son Xerxes. As power
shifts and Persia has to deal with uprisings in
1160.34 -> Egypt and other parts of their empire, Babylon
again sees a chance to regain its independence.
1164.96 -> In 484 BCE, another revolt erupts in the
city. It’s started by two men who become
1170.78 -> known as the rebel kings. Their names are
Bel-shimanni and Shamash-eriba. Once again,
1176.36 -> the Persians deal with the impedance of
the Babylonian rebels by using force.
1180.08 -> Even more Persian troops are sent to
the region to reclaim lost territory
1183.62 -> around Babylon before sieging the
city and disbanding the rebellion.
1187.28 -> Xerxes is furious. Once Persia regains control of
the city, the Persian king strips the temples of
1192.86 -> their idols, disrupting religious practices. He
reorganizes the political structure of Babylon
1197.6 -> to divide its power even further. This is
done to prevent any one person or faction
1201.8 -> from gaining enough power to start another
rebellion. Xerxes requires Babylon to pay heavy
1206.78 -> retributions to make up for the resources spent
on bringing them back into his Persian Empire.
1211.16 -> Under the new form of rule and the
harsh sanctions placed on Babylon,
1215.06 -> the city goes into decline. It no longer has the
ability to unify its people using religious idols,
1220.52 -> a common identity, and stories from its past.
Xerxes and future Persian kings destroy the
1225.5 -> Babylonian spirit. The riches coming into
the city are quickly acquired by Persian
1229.88 -> administrators and sent to Persepolis and other
major municipalities throughout the empire.
1234.2 -> Xerxes and the kings who follow will not make
the same mistakes rulers in the past did. Babylon
1239.78 -> was once a mighty city, and although its
importance along the Euphrates is still present,
1243.86 -> Persian kings will never let it regain dominance
out of fear of further rebellion. The rulers of
1248.6 -> the city are loyal to Persia. The wealth of
its ports is siphoned by the King. Babylon
1252.86 -> can not recover. The richest city in the
known world continues to decline. Power
1257.12 -> shifts in the region, but Babylon continues to
fall in prominence. Eventually, it collapses;
1261.92 -> while its structures deteriorate
as a result of the sands of time.
1265.28 -> Now watch “Real Reason Ancient
Egyptians Went Extinct.” Or
1268.88 -> check out “Actual Reason Why
Spartan Empire Went Extinct.”
Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c9I9LCvGK2w