Maritime Empires Developed & Maintained [AP World History Review] Unit 4 Topic 5

Maritime Empires Developed & Maintained [AP World History Review] Unit 4 Topic 5

Maritime Empires Developed & Maintained [AP World History Review] Unit 4 Topic 5

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In this video Heimler walks you through Unit 4 Topic 5 (4.5) of the AP World History curriculum. Mainly, he deals with two things: what economic strategies did sea-based empires use to increase their power, and how did the development of these empires affect political, economic, and religious cultural dynamics in the places where they existed.

The economic strategies were all rooted in the economic system that dominated Europe at the time, namely, mercantilism. Mercantilism led to the rise of joint-stock companies which financed exploration and influenced the Commercial Revolution in trade.

Other economic topics covered in this video include the rise of the Triangular Trade, and the establishment of trade monopolies.

And dealing with the political and cultural dynamics of empire building, we’ll see that there were essentially two responses to European intrusion: syncretism and conflict.

If you have any questions, leave them in the comments below and Heimler will answer them forthwithly.


Content

0.099 -> Hi and welcome back to Heimler’s History.
1.24 -> So we’ve been going through Unit 4 of AP World History, and in this unit the main theme
5.25 -> is the expansion of sea-based empires.
7.27 -> In this video we’re going to talk about two things: what economic strategies did sea-based
12.45 -> empires use to increase their power, and how did the development of these empires affect
16.65 -> political, economic, and religious cultural dynamics in the places where they existed.
20.93 -> Can you taste that sauce?
22.62 -> Mmm.
23.62 -> Let’s get to it.
24.62 -> Now if you’ve been watching my other videos on Unit 4, you’re going to hear me repeat
26.571 -> some things in this video that I’ve already said.
28.84 -> And the reason I’m repeating myself is because the curriculum repeats itself.
31.97 -> And you can be sure, if the curriculum repeats itself, this is important stuff.
35.5 -> Alright, let’s get into economics.
36.949 -> As I’ve mentioned before the dominant economic system of the European states that were doing
40.64 -> most of the colonizing during this period was called mercantilism.
43.21 -> And the main idea here is that the mercantilist system assumed that there was a fixed amount
47.32 -> of wealth in the world.
48.34 -> It’s like a pie.
49.34 -> If there’s only one pie, that means if I’m going to get a bigger piece of the pie, then
52.319 -> someone else has to get a smaller piece.
54.94 -> And the main operating principles of mercantilism are as follows.
57.91 -> Number one, a state’s wealth is measured in gold and silver.
61.199 -> Number two, a state’s main economic goal is to create a favorable balance of trade.
65.899 -> And what they meant by that is that they aimed to have more exports than imports.
69.14 -> And that should make sense: if you’re exporting goods, that means that gold and silver are
72.74 -> coming in.
73.74 -> If you’re importing goods, that means gold and silver are going out.
76.67 -> And in pie-world, we always want more pie, so we need to have more gold and silver coming
81.56 -> in.
82.56 -> And number three, colonies exist to serve the mother country, especially with raw materials.
87.14 -> Now under this system a new kind of company was formed to finance colonial expansion,
90.77 -> namely, the joint-stock company.
92.53 -> Under this model, exploration and expansion of empire was financed not by the government,
96.7 -> but by private investors who pooled their money together.
99.84 -> And once they did, the investors would share in the profits and losses of the venture.
103.45 -> Two prominent examples of joint-stock companies are the British East India Company and the
107.32 -> Dutch East India Company.
108.78 -> Now not every European state adopted this new means of expansion.
111.96 -> Over in Spain and Portugal, the kings and queens were still footing the bills for exploration
115.1 -> and expansion.
116.1 -> Also under the heading of economics, you should know that the huge infusion of gold and silver
118.939 -> into the world economy from the Americas had a profound effect.
121.96 -> If you want a vocabulary word for this—and I know you do—it was called the Commercial
126.409 -> Revolution.
127.409 -> What this means is that goods are, in large part, being traded for gold and silver instead
131.45 -> of other goods.
132.45 -> The Chinese especially had a desire for more silver and they got it by trading luxury goods
136.33 -> like silk.
137.33 -> Also under the heading of economics, we should talk about the massive change in world economies
140.9 -> produced by something called the Triangular Trade.
143.33 -> Essentially the Triangular Trade was a new and massive system of trade that sprang up
147.05 -> in the Atlantic Ocean.
148.05 -> And in its most basic form, it went like this.
150.66 -> Manufactured goods were traded from Europe to West Africa.
154.22 -> Enslaved people were transported to the Americas.
156 -> And in exchange for them, raw materials like sugar, molasses, and lumber were traded back
161.07 -> to Europe.
162.07 -> Now the advent of the Atlantic trade was altogether new during this period.
164.91 -> But as I’ve mentioned before, the Indian Ocean trade was still going strong.
168.51 -> Just as they always had, states vied for dominance over these routes.
171.8 -> For example, a big rivalry developed between the Europeans and the Muslims to control these
176.28 -> trade routes.
177.28 -> In 1509 the Portuguese defeated Muslim forces in a battle over trade rights.
181.04 -> Ad that’s probably to be expected: the Portuguese had really good ships.
184.86 -> But once they tried to defeat Morrocan Muslims on land, they weren’t so fortunate, and
189.83 -> suffered a pretty humiliating defeat.
191.79 -> Still under the heading of economics was the development of trade monopolies.
195.63 -> Now a monopoly is when one entity has total domination over a particular market.
199.56 -> In this case the monopolies granted certain merchants or certain governments exclusive
203.37 -> trading rights at given ports.
204.89 -> A good example of this is the monopoly established by the Spanish over tobacco growth in the
208.69 -> Americas.
209.69 -> And since the world couldn’t stop smoking those magnificent lung darts, the Spanish
213.5 -> grew extraordinarily wealthy as a result of this monopoly.
216.31 -> And the final thing I’ll mention about economics is the continuity of traditional regional
220.77 -> markets with respect to trade.
222.29 -> We’ve been talking a lot about the growth of big state trade, but the trade of peasant
226.47 -> and artisan goods flourished too.
229.46 -> Examples include silk from China, cotton from India, and wool and linen from Western Europe.
233.38 -> Okay, now let’s switch gears and talk about the cultural changes that occurred as a result
237.34 -> of sea-based empire expansion.
239.25 -> Let’s start with the effects of the African Slave Trade.
242.11 -> Some African states were severely weakened by the slave trade, for example, the Kingdom
245.04 -> of the Kongo.
246.04 -> But because it was so profitable, the trade continued.
248.18 -> And that led to some significant demographic changes.
251.64 -> Since those captured and enslaved were in the majority males, that left a lot of women
255.42 -> without husbands.
256.42 -> This reality led to the rise of the practice of polygyny which is a situation in which
259.85 -> men take more than one wife.
261.519 -> Additionally, Africa experienced a significant decline in population as a result of the slave
265.22 -> trade.
266.22 -> However, because of the Columbian Exchange and the introduction of American foods to
268.03 -> Africa like maize and manioc, the population began to grow in spite of its depletion.
272.83 -> Okay, let’s look at some other effects of trade on culture.
275.11 -> A significant question any expanding empire has to answer is this: how do we deal with
280.74 -> the belief systems of the people we conquer?
283.11 -> If you’ll remember, the Mongols decided it was best to be tolerant of people’s religious
287.62 -> beliefs, as did Akbar in the Mughal Empire.
289.82 -> But in general, Europeans, when they were in the business of empire-building, did the
293.64 -> opposite.
294.64 -> Because of the spread of European diseases among the native Americans, much of their
297.42 -> cultural and social systems were wiped clean.
300.33 -> Even those who survived the onslaught of smallpox had a further erasure of their culture.
305.139 -> For example, Hernan Cortes, upon conquering native peoples, had all their books burned.
310.3 -> And once their history was gone, the Spanish transplanted their language into these places,
314.94 -> further diminishing native culture.
316.46 -> Now one of the major cultural elements in any society is their religious beliefs.
320.47 -> And as religion spread into new territories during this time, there were essentially two
325.93 -> responses: syncretism and conflict.
328.11 -> First, syncretism.
329.61 -> Syncretism just means the blending of two or more beliefs into one.
332.85 -> Africans melded their traditional, indigeonous religions with the Christianity of the Europeans.
337.97 -> They combined Christianity’s major doctrines with beliefs about the African spirit world
342.06 -> and the importance of dance and movement.
344.27 -> Over in the Americas, many indigeonous people embraced Christianity and combined it with
347.93 -> the celebration of their own holy days.
349.94 -> The second response to the spread of religion into new territories was conflict.
353.78 -> A good example is the Sunni/Shi’a divide among the Muslims.
356.71 -> This split was intensified, as I’ve mentioned before, in the conflict between the Ottoman
360.73 -> and Safavid Empires.
361.73 -> Another good example of religious conflict during this period was the Protestant Reformation.
364.47 -> This was a split in the Christian church that separated Roman Catholics from the newly formed
368.48 -> Protestants.
369.48 -> And the split occurred for many reasons, but perhaps the most significant was the differing
372.11 -> interpretation of the doctrine of salvation.
374.52 -> Alright that’s what you need to know for Topic 5 of Unit 4 of AP World History.
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386.36 -> something you’re in to.
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390.38 -> come true.
391.38 -> Heimler out.

Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h8UIo1HokAE