AP World History UNIT 4 REVIEW—1450-1750

Aug 9, 2023

AP World History UNIT 4 REVIEW—1450-1750

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For more videos on Unit 4, check out the playlist: https://bit.ly/33S4Sgo

In this video Heimler will review the big ideas that you need to know for AP World History Unit 4. The main theme in this unit is the establishment and expansion of sea-based (maritime) empires. The major player from 1450-1750 is Europe.

Because they harnessed maritime technology like the lateen sail and the magnetic compass and improved astrological charts, they were able to sail west to seek a passage to Asia. Instead, they bumped into the Americas.

Because the dominant economic system was mercantilism, these European nations had great incentive to colonize these new lands for the sake of raw materials. Thus, the economy became globalized.

One effect of this new contact was the Columbian Exchange in which food, plants, animals, diseases, and humans were exchanged between the eastern and western hemispheres. Sometimes the effects were devastating, as with smallpox. Other times it was the cause of population explosion, as in Africa and the introduction of new foods.

But one of the more devastating effects of this new contact was the rise in coerced labor systems, the most damaging of which was the introduction of chattel slavery into the Americas.

If you have any questions, leave them below and Heimler will answer forthwithly.

Content

0.08 -> hey there and welcome back to heimlich's

1.28 -> history now if you've been following

2.48 -> through all the videos for ap world

4.4 -> history unit 4 then we have finally got

6.64 -> to the end of it and we need to review

8.48 -> the whole dang unit so if you're ready

10.4 -> i'm ready let's get to it all right now

11.92 -> before we jump in you should know that

13.04 -> this unit review is part of a larger ap

15.28 -> world history review packet and in this

16.96 -> view packet you will find reviews for

18.64 -> all units of ap world history you'll

20.4 -> find practice multiple choice questions

22.32 -> for every unit essential questions about

24.4 -> the most important material in the

25.6 -> curriculum and two full ap style

27.92 -> practice tests i put a lot of hard work

29.679 -> in it to make sure you get an a in your

30.96 -> class and a five on your exam in may so

32.8 -> if you need some review help i highly

34.32 -> recommend going to get a link in the

35.84 -> description below all right unit four

38 -> the main theme of this unit is the

39.8 -> trans-oceanic interconnections that

42.16 -> occurred in the world from 1450 to 1750

45.2 -> all right if you have no idea what that

46.079 -> means let me try to strip all the ap

47.76 -> speak off of it and explain it up real

49.44 -> nice this unit is all about the

51.12 -> development and expansion of sea-based

53.52 -> empires also known as maritime empire

55.92 -> and the leading player in this new kind

57.28 -> of empire was europe and that's kind of

58.96 -> a big deal because up to this point in

60.559 -> world history europe is kind of behind

62.239 -> everybody else in terms of economics and

64.08 -> empire built but during this period

65.439 -> europeans assumed a primary place on the

67.68 -> world stage as an imperial power to be

69.68 -> reckoned with now how did they do that

71.76 -> well the first answer is the advancement

73.28 -> of technology especially maritime

75.439 -> technology one advance was the creation

77.04 -> of new kinds of ships like the flute the

79.04 -> caravelle and the carrot the what the

80.32 -> what and the what the flute the caravel

82.72 -> and the carrick now what's important to

84 -> know about these ships is that they were

85.36 -> smaller faster and much cheaper to build

87.439 -> and much nimbler on the seas

88.72 -> additionally these were strictly

90.56 -> merchant ships now the general practice

92.64 -> up to this time was to build merchant

94.159 -> ships that could be converted into

95.68 -> warships if needed but starting with the

97.439 -> portuguese the great innovation was to

99.119 -> make these trading ships trading ships

101.2 -> only and that's why they were cheaper

102.72 -> and one of the reasons they were faster

103.92 -> and more nimble was the introduction of

105.439 -> the latin sale this was a triangular

107.52 -> sale that allowed sailors to harness

108.96 -> wind on both sides of the boat instead

110.799 -> of just waiting for it to blow from

112.24 -> behind now this is not a european

114 -> invention the arabs and the chinese have

115.68 -> been using them for a long time before

117.28 -> this the europeans are just now catching

119.2 -> up there were also navigational

120.64 -> technologies that made it possible to

122.159 -> sail greater distances improved

123.84 -> astronomical charts enabled sailors to

125.52 -> reckon their positions on the seas the

127.36 -> astrolabe and the magnetic compass made

129.039 -> it possible to pinpoint a ship's exact

130.959 -> location as it sailed now again

132.4 -> europeans didn't invent these

133.599 -> technologies they just harnessed their

135.12 -> power for their own purposes during this

136.72 -> time and all this made it possible for

138.08 -> europeans to venture out into the

139.599 -> atlantic ocean to search for a sea route

141.44 -> to asia and the reason why they wanted

142.72 -> to do that is because muslims controlled

144.48 -> most of the land-based trade routes and

146.08 -> that made it impossible for europeans to

147.76 -> establish trade on their own terms now

149.44 -> as the europeans took to the sea and

150.959 -> sailed west it turns out that they ran

152.56 -> smack into a continent that they didn't

154.319 -> know existed namely the americas it was

156.48 -> christopher columbus who was the first

157.92 -> to make this discovery of the new land

159.599 -> unknown to the european and i know

161.04 -> that's arguable because you know the

162.64 -> vikings and some people say the chinese

164.4 -> discovered america but you know for our

166.239 -> purposes it's christopher columbus and

167.84 -> he landed in the caribbean islands and

169.12 -> sparked a massive global change which is

171.68 -> known as the colombian exchange

173.2 -> essentially the colombian exchange was a

174.8 -> biological exchange of animals people

177.68 -> food and diseases between the eastern

179.76 -> and western hemispheres now it's going

181.2 -> to be important for you to know at least

182.4 -> some specific examples of some of those

184.239 -> exchanges that took place across the

185.92 -> atlantic and maybe disease is the most

188.159 -> important the europeans brought smallpox

189.92 -> with him and when that disease began to

191.36 -> spread among the natives of the americas

193.12 -> the consequences were devastating

194.879 -> somewhere in the neighborhood of 50 to

196.4 -> 90 percent of the native population was

198.959 -> killed by the disease but in happier

200.8 -> news the natives of america sent

202.319 -> syphilis back with the europeans to

203.92 -> spread among themselves now there's some

205.36 -> debate scientifically on whether the

206.879 -> syphilis actually came from the native

208.4 -> americans but that's at least the story

210.159 -> that the europeans told themselves in

211.76 -> terms of food and animals europe

213.519 -> introduced sugar and horses to the

215.28 -> americas and the americas sent potatoes

217.28 -> and maize and guinea pigs back to europe

219.12 -> and that's not even close to everything

220.64 -> that exchanged during this period but

222 -> those are a few specifics that you can

223.519 -> hold on to now let's finish this section

224.879 -> by talking about the exchange of people

226.56 -> and one of the most significant

227.76 -> exchanges of people during this period

229.12 -> was in the atlantic slave trade once the

231.2 -> colonizing europeans realized that the

233.04 -> climate in the americas made for great

234.959 -> agriculture and once they failed

236.64 -> miserably to make other systems of labor

238.48 -> worked they turned to the importation of

240.64 -> enslaved people from africa and this was

242.64 -> a system known as chattel slavery and

245.04 -> chattel just means property so this was

246.879 -> the kind of slavery in which people

248.159 -> became the property of those that bought

250 -> them and this system of labor turned out

251.439 -> to be the best solution for the european

253.439 -> aims in the americas the europeans had

255.28 -> tried to enslave the natives to do their

256.88 -> work but the natives had the unthinkable

258.959 -> gall to start dying in massive numbers

261.44 -> from the european diseases how dare you

263.36 -> and since we're talking about coerced

264.56 -> labor systems in the americas i should

266.08 -> tell you about a few that the europeans

267.68 -> tried in order to get the natives to

269.36 -> work for them first let's talk about the

270.88 -> encomienda system under this system

272.56 -> spanish conquistadors were tasked with

274.32 -> protecting a group of natives and in

276 -> exchange for that protection they could

278 -> force them to work on their land the

279.44 -> second system is called hacienda and

281.199 -> under this system many of the spanish

282.56 -> landowners turned their encomiendas or

284.32 -> their little land grants into huge

286.16 -> plantations and guess who got to do the

287.919 -> work neither of these systems worked out

289.199 -> for long and so then they borrowed from

290.72 -> the incans the mida system now under the

292.72 -> incan rulers the mida system was used to

294.479 -> coerce labor for public projects this

296.639 -> only occurred for a certain amount of

297.919 -> days throughout the year so the spanish

299.28 -> looked around and said that's a pretty

300.4 -> good idea we're going to do that so they

302 -> coerced men to labor for them for a

304 -> certain amount of time but the big

305.44 -> difference was the incan mida system was

307.52 -> done for the sake of public works but

309.199 -> the spanish version of it was done for

310.96 -> the sake of private gain now upon the

312.72 -> north american continent the british

314.32 -> used a system of labor called indentured

316.16 -> servitude but those servants were only

317.759 -> bound to work for seven years and after

319.36 -> that they were free to go and they had

320.96 -> the annoying habit of actually going

323.12 -> free after their indenture was up how

324.88 -> dare you so the importation of people

326.96 -> from africa solved all these problems

329.199 -> for the colonists these africans were

330.88 -> property for life and because they had

332.4 -> mingled with the larger afro-eurasian

334.4 -> continent system for millennia they

336 -> weren't susceptible to european diseases

338.24 -> and later there will come a reckoning

339.759 -> for such violations of human nature but

342.8 -> not yet all right let's talk economics

344.4 -> for a hot minute one of the major

345.6 -> effects of the linking of the eastern

347.28 -> and the western hemispheres during this

348.72 -> time was a new global economy so let's

350.72 -> talk about the economic system itself

352.32 -> first and then we'll talk about the kind

353.68 -> of imperial expansion that grew out of

355.44 -> that economic system so the economic

357.039 -> system you need to know for this unit is

359.039 -> mercantilism this was the dominant

360.8 -> economic system in europe during this

362.32 -> period and i've explained more about it

363.84 -> in other videos but really what you need

365.36 -> to know for our purposes in this unit

367.199 -> review is this that in a mercantilist

369.44 -> mindset there is only a fixed amount of

371.68 -> wealth in the world like if you could

372.88 -> somehow gather up all the gold and

374.56 -> silver in the world and put it in a big

376.16 -> pile well that's the amount of wealth

377.84 -> that's in the world sitting right in

379.039 -> front of you in that pile and by the way

380.4 -> that's how they measured wealth in

381.6 -> mercantilist economies gold and silver

383.759 -> and i always think about it like a pie

384.96 -> if you really believe that only one pie

386.96 -> exists in the world and you want a

388.56 -> bigger slice of that pie that means

390.24 -> necessarily that somebody else has to

392.16 -> have a smaller slice of that pie but the

394 -> problem is this in pie world nobody

396.16 -> wants a small piece of the pie everybody

398.479 -> wants all the pies so as you can imagine

400.639 -> this system led to some intense

402.479 -> rivalries among the european powers

404.479 -> what's that you say competition between

406.08 -> merck and delist states what a perfect

407.84 -> time to talk about european

409.52 -> establishment of colonies around the

411.199 -> world mercantilism and colonial

412.72 -> establishments are connected for the

414.319 -> following reason if a country wanted

415.759 -> gold and silver coming in which is to

417.36 -> say wanted a bigger slice of the world

419.039 -> pie that means they had to have exports

421.199 -> going out and if they're going to export

422.56 -> goods to other places that means they

424 -> have to have metric butt loads of raw

425.599 -> materials in order to make those things

427.12 -> to export were they going to get all

428.24 -> those raw materials well colonies the

430.08 -> portuguese were the first to establish

431.52 -> an empire for the sake of trade but they

433.12 -> did it a little differently than those

434.4 -> who came after them instead of claiming

436 -> huge portions of land they merely set up

438.24 -> what's called a trading post empire all

440.319 -> along the african coast and as a result

442.479 -> of this the portuguese soon became a

444.08 -> major player in the indian ocean trade

446.08 -> network but eventually the portuguese

448.08 -> did establish more than trading posts

449.759 -> and the most significant example of this

451.36 -> is their colony in brazil now not to be

453.759 -> outdone by the portuguese the french and

455.919 -> the british and the dutch and the

457.199 -> spanish all rushed out to establish

458.88 -> empires in the americas and the details

461.039 -> of these overseas empires aren't as

462.88 -> important but what is important to know

464.88 -> is that these colonies existed to serve

466.88 -> the mother country and that is the

468.56 -> mercantilist mindset now i should

470 -> mention here who is paying for all of

471.759 -> this exploration and colonization well

473.599 -> in general it was the states who were

475.68 -> paying for it but the british and the

477.039 -> dutch innovated on this count and

478.319 -> created a new way to fund these ventures

480.16 -> namely joint stock company this was a

482.24 -> way to fund exploration among private

484.08 -> investors who shared the financial

485.68 -> burden of that exploration and

486.879 -> colonization among themselves the reason

488.639 -> why they would take such a risk is

489.759 -> because if the mission succeeded then

491.28 -> they would share in the fabulous wealth

493.039 -> of the colony now the last thing i'll

494.4 -> mention is the social changes that

496.08 -> occurred when the eastern and the

497.199 -> western hemispheres were united and

498.639 -> there were upsets all over the world to

500.24 -> social hierarchies but maybe the most

501.68 -> significant change in social hierarchy

503.52 -> was in the america with the introduction

505.039 -> of europeans into the americas a

506.8 -> completely new social hierarchy was

508.8 -> established it's called the castus

510.16 -> system and it was a new way of

511.36 -> organizing the layers of society based

513.44 -> on ancestry and race at the top of the

515.599 -> system where the peninsulares which were

517.279 -> those who were born in europe below them

519.039 -> were the cryos of the creoles which were

521.12 -> europeans but like b grade europeans

523.279 -> because they were born in the americas

524.64 -> although both of them were the casters

526.16 -> which was a cascading mashup of natives

528.08 -> and africans with the cast as a further

530.24 -> hierarchy was established first was the

531.92 -> mestizos who were of mixed european and

534.399 -> indigenous ancestry second were the

536.32 -> mulattos which were the mixed european

538.32 -> and african ancestry third were the

540.56 -> zambos which were the mixed indigenous

542.64 -> and african ancestry folks and at the

544.88 -> bottom of all were the indigenous people

547.2 -> and the african people themselves okay

548.959 -> so that's what you need to know for unit

550.399 -> four of ap world history now i've gone

552.24 -> very quickly over a lot of information

553.76 -> in some cases i've been very general so

555.519 -> if you need to dive into the details

556.959 -> here's a playlist for all my topic

558.72 -> videos for unit 4. now my people you

560.72 -> know that i'm here to help you get an a

562.08 -> in your class and a five on your exam in

563.68 -> may so if that's something you're into

565.04 -> subscribe and join the beard enthusiasts

567.2 -> here at heimlich history heimler out

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