The history of chocolate - Deanna Pucciarelli
The history of chocolate - Deanna Pucciarelli
ชมบทเรียนเต็มได้ที่: http://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-history…
หากคุณนึกถึงชีวิตที่ไร้ช็อคโกแลตไม่ออกแล้วล่ะก็ คุณโชคดีแล้วล่ะที่ไม่ได้เกิดก่อนศตวรรษที่ 16 และก่อนหน้านั้น ช็อคโกแลตเป็นแค่เครื่องดื่มขม ๆ ฟองฟอดในเมโสอเมริกา แล้วเราเปลี่ยนมันจากเครื่องดื่มรสขมมาเป็นช็อคโกแลตแท่งในปัจุบันได้อย่างไร ดิอานนา พุคเชียเรยิ ตามรอยความเป็นมาที่น่าทึ่งและโหดร้ายของช็อคโกแลต
บทเรียนโดย ดิอานนา พุคเชียเรยิ แอนิเมชั่นโดย TED-Ed
Content
7.57 -> If you can't imagine
life without chocolate,
10.923 -> you're lucky you weren't born before
the 16th century.
15.942 -> Until then, chocolate only existed
in Mesoamerica
19.45 -> in a form quite different
from what we know.
22.305 -> As far back as 1900 BCE,
24.685 -> the people of that region had learned
to prepare the beans
27.805 -> of the native cacao tree.
30.716 -> The earliest records tell us the beans
were ground
33.216 -> and mixed with cornmeal
and chili peppers
36.465 -> to create a drink -
37.956 -> not a relaxing cup of hot cocoa,
40.096 -> but a bitter, invigorating concoction
frothing with foam.
44.736 -> And if you thought we make
a big deal about chocolate today,
47.976 -> the Mesoamericans had us beat.
51.166 -> They believed that cacao
was a heavenly food
53.596 -> gifted to humans
by a feathered serpent god,
57.016 -> known to the Maya as Kukulkan
59.539 -> and to the Aztecs as Quetzalcoatl.
62.836 -> Aztecs used cacao beans as currency
65.287 -> and drank chocolate at royal feasts,
67.826 -> gave it to soldiers as a reward
for success in battle,
70.736 -> and used it in rituals.
73.417 -> The first transatlantic
chocolate encounter occurred in 1519
78.137 -> when Hernán Cortés visited
the court of Moctezuma
81.727 -> at Tenochtitlan.
83.486 -> As recorded by Cortés's lieutenant,
85.587 -> the king had 50 jugs of the drink
brought out and poured into golden cups.
91.287 -> When the colonists returned with shipments
of the strange new bean,
94.707 -> missionaries' salacious accounts
of native customs
97.727 -> gave it a reputation as an aphrodisiac.
102.068 -> At first, its bitter taste made it
suitable as a medicine for ailments,
105.778 -> like upset stomachs,
107.978 -> but sweetening it with honey,
sugar, or vanilla
110.777 -> quickly made chocolate a popular delicacy
in the Spanish court.
115.458 -> And soon, no aristocratic home was
complete without dedicated chocolate ware.
121.568 -> The fashionable drink was difficult
and time consuming to produce
125.378 -> on a large scale.
126.859 -> That involved using plantations
and imported slave labor
130.369 -> in the Caribbean and
on islands off the coast of Africa.
134.509 -> The world of chocolate would change
forever in 1828
138.179 -> with the introduction of the cocoa press
by Coenraad van Houten of Amsterdam.
144.029 -> Van Houten's invention could separate
the cocoa's natural fat, or cocoa butter.
148.531 -> This left a powder that could be mixed
into a drinkable solution
152.516 -> or recombined with the cocoa butter
154.989 -> to create the solid chocolate
we know today.
158.209 -> Not long after, a Swiss chocolatier
named Daniel Peter
162.202 -> added powdered milk to the mix,
164.701 -> thus inventing milk chocolate.
167.79 -> By the 20th century, chocolate
was no longer an elite luxury
171.389 -> but had become a treat for the public.
173.851 -> Meeting the massive demand required
more cultivation of cocoa,
178.114 -> which can only grow near the equator.
180.815 -> Now, instead of African slaves
being shipped
183.731 -> to South American cocoa plantations,
186.021 -> cocoa production itself would shift
to West Africa
189.151 -> with Cote d'Ivoire providing two-fifths
of the world's cocoa as of 2015.
194.701 -> Yet along with the growth
of the industry,
196.744 -> there have been horrific abuses
of human rights.
199.977 -> Many of the plantations throughout
West Africa,
202.23 -> which supply Western companies,
204.26 -> use slave and child labor,
206.731 -> with an estimation of more than
2 million children affected.
211.942 -> This is a complex problem
that persists
213.951 -> despite efforts from major chocolate
companies to partner with African nations
218.981 -> to reduce child
and indentured labor practices.
222.901 -> Today, chocolate has established itself
in the rituals of our modern culture.
227.792 -> Due to its colonial association with
native cultures,
231.442 -> combined with the power of advertising,
233.892 -> chocolate retains an aura
of something sensual,
237.113 -> decadent,
238.212 -> and forbidden.
239.663 -> Yet knowing more about its fascinating
and often cruel history,
243.471 -> as well as its production today,
245.562 -> tells us where
these associations originate
248.642 -> and what they hide.
251.052 -> So as you unwrap
your next bar of chocolate,
253.912 -> take a moment to consider that
not everything about chocolate is sweet.
Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ibjUpk9Iagk