History of England - Documentary
History of England - Documentary
PART 2: • History of England - Documentary P2
Analyzing a complete history of England
Content
1.209 -> England is a nation which has had a significant impact on, and in fact, has played a significant role in shaping human
6.52 -> civilization for hundreds of years, and today, in this video, we're going to take a look at that history and explore just what England is,
12.48 -> who its people are, and how it became the world changing nation that it is today. So, to start you, have to know exactly
18.4 -> What England is, and I'm guessing if you click on this video,
21 -> you've probably heard of England before, and that's great.
23.939 -> But a lot of people don't know the difference between England and Britain, or England and The United Kingdom, and things like that
29.91 -> so, really quickly here: Here's the island that we call "Great Britain". The term "Great" isn't about ego,
35.61 -> It's about geography. Here is England. It's important to understand Scotland (here) and Wales
41.71 -> (here) are also British. This whole thing is Britain.
45.34 -> So, while all English are British, not all British are English. The confusion typically comes from the fact that today these three countries are all
51.78 -> united into one single country - The United Kingdom, which also includes Northern Ireland and used to include the rest of Ireland for reasons that we'll
58.92 -> get into today.
59.82 -> But because England is the seat of the union, the seat of the kingdom, the term "British" is often mistakenly only applied to England.
66.46 -> So, with that out of the way, let's focus on that part of the island which we call England, and let's go back a little over
72.24 -> two thousand years. At this time, England was inhabited by various Celtic tribes
76.95 -> not "Sel-tik", "Kel-tic".
78.369 -> Compared to the Mediterranean nations of Europe around at the time, such as the Romans, the people here were primitive though
83.72 -> not as primitive as you would imagine. The Celtic tribal societies of early England were fairly complex agricultural societies.
90.36 -> They were in contact with the European mainland, and on the bright side of this trade made its way to and from Pre-Roman
96.78 -> England, but on the dark side, they were at times invaded by tribes from the European mainland. Though
102.15 -> they all spoke a similar language and followed similar religion, which was a predecessor of Modern Celtic languages such as Welsh, for example,
108.72 -> they were not united societally as a people. Accordingly, of course, they waged war with each other.
113.619 -> During those wars that would build defensive structures much like the one shown here,
117.009 -> called "Maiden Castle", dating back long before the Romans even arrived on the island. The religion practiced here was similar to much of
123.64 -> Northwestern Europe at the time, in fact, the Romans noted that the religion that they practice in England was very similar to the one which
128.849 -> they practiced in Gaul, also known as modern France. It was a Pagan religion.
133.53 -> But, what's very interesting about it to most people is the
136.06 -> Druidism that was practiced here, and the rest of Britain and Ireland as well, as
139.99 -> The Druids were (kind of ) unique to the British isles. The Druids were a very interesting group of people.
144.88 -> They were religious authorities of course, but they weren't just priests. They were also politically involved, they were doctors, they were judges,
151.8 -> they were historians, they were advisors, things like that.
154.5 -> They were very much a group of elite in iron age England, and their opinion had considerable impact on the early societies here.
161.77 -> Much of what we know about the societies of this time comes to us from the
166.3 -> Romans and their records of the Island, and we see evidence of the impacts that the Druids had on their society when the Romans do
172.68 -> come to the island that they call "Britannia". Now,
175.23 -> it's fair to have mixed opinions on the religion that was practiced here and throughout the rest of the British isles called simply "Celtic Paganism".
181.62 -> There was some human sacrifice involved which is to most of us today pretty abhorrent. The Romans back then didn't like it either.
188.459 -> They were
188.92 -> appalled by it, they discussed how horrendous it was that the Celts would do such a thing during their gladiator fights.
195.03 -> We've actually found some evidence of this human sacrifice in the United Kingdom and Ireland
198.91 -> This is a picture of a decently preserved corpse of an individual who was a part of these practices on these times.
211.688 -> They claimed that writing things down was bad for your memory,
214.508 -> so, a lot of what we know about England at this time comes to us from
217.908 -> archaeological finds, or, as I said, the accounts of the Romans.
221.078 -> And it is when the Romans invade Britain that we really get to understand the world here at the time. In
227.448 -> 55 BC, Julius Caesar invaded Britain and again in 54 BC, but he was unsuccessful both times, essentially gaining
234.408 -> No territory. Part of the justification
235.908 -> he had for invading island was that the people of this region had assisted the Gauls against Rome due to their economic
241.788 -> relationship with them.
242.618 -> They were both Celts, they both related to each other, they traded, and things like that.
245.568 -> Remember, also, that I said that the British tribes were not isolated from the rest of Europe,
249.518 -> Like one might think they were. But, the true age of Roman Britain comes about 90 years later in 43 AD
256.698 -> When forty thousand Roman soldiers set sail from the province of Gaul to invade the Island. Now there were a number of obvious
262.788 -> benefits to be obtained from invading and capitulating Britannia - trade and resources and the
268.878 -> expansion of the Empire and all that - but a huge motivation here was that the emperor at the time wanted to improve his image.
275.148 -> Emperor Claudius came to become emperor, and he was quite justifiably insecure.
279.458 -> He was seen as kind of weak and even
282.228 -> moronic by his peers and by the population. He thought that if he could go to Britain and conquer it, and
287.328 -> effectively, do what Julius Caesar did not do, he would bolster
290.588 -> his image quite significantly. And so, he ordered the operation and put his brother-in-law in command of it. The Roman soldiers were
296.988 -> Admittedly frightened about his prospects before they left records tell us that the morale was kind of low britain at this time was the edge
303.518 -> of the unknown so they were obviously very scared they were concerned that the island harbored for
308.898 -> His savages and demons and such things morale though did change in the roman set sail for britain landing in Modern-day kent
316.998 -> Unfortunately for the native britons though when the romans landed they made a mistake
320.508 -> The Britons actually caught wind of the fear among the romans and assume that there would be a mutiny before the Romans could land
326.468 -> So one of the most powerful tribes on the island the kind of aloni did not make a proper move to defend the shore
331.958 -> They simply assumed the invasion will dissolve before it arrived
334.838 -> But it did not and the romans landed and established a fort and even a triumphal arch of educating such things and then they pressed
341.678 -> into the rest of the Island now there was obviously a good deal of
344.268 -> Conflict as the romans pressed into the rest of Britannia there were at times a number of Revolts amongst occupied tribes
349.838 -> But a significant amount of tribes about Eleven in fact actually surrendered to the romans during this time before conflict even emerged
356.468 -> why well the Roman military machine as
359.508 -> Historians often refer to it was simply too powerful the Romans were susceptible to Guerrilla warfare of course but out on the open field tribes
366.878 -> Like those in Britain at the time did not have much of a chance to bolster
370.358 -> This image of being a powerful and unstoppable
372.618 -> Invasion Force when Claudius actually comes to visit britain he enters on an elephant a beast which the people of this region had obviously never
378.968 -> Seen before they were astonished Roman occupation sets in and Britannia Modern-day
384.158 -> England again becomes a province a defining moment in early history not everyone is so satisfied with being occupied however
391.468 -> Boudicca a woman of the ice sonny tribe in particular was not satisfied
395.428 -> Boadicea was the wife of a very important tribal figure who maintained an alliance with the Romans however after her husband's death?
401.308 -> The Romans turn on them
402.828 -> She was beaten and her two daughters were raped and ended in that she did not easily forget
407.548 -> around 60 ad
409.048 -> Boudicca Gathered Forces from multiple British tribes
411.508 -> Primarily the isis unny in turn Avanti's as well some others and led a revolt against the Romans the revolt was not a minor incident
418.548 -> Her forces would cause extreme chaos in the province as she killed thousands of inhabitants and burned down three Seas
429.052 -> What's drawing from Britain entirely?
431.132 -> However, Boudicca was eventually defeated
433.322 -> She was never captured by the Romans rather
435.472 -> It was likely that she committed suicide to Avoid
438.092 -> capitulation following this incident Britannia was firmly Roman the Romans would hold on to this province until 410 ad
444.992 -> Now talking about history so far back that might not seem like such a long time, but keep in mind that was
450.782 -> 350 years you had it states today for comparison is only 241 years old, so it was a decent span of time
457.082 -> So after that fairly turbulent time period Conflict with the pics to the north and other rebellions and disorder such things rome starts to become
464.192 -> Weakened in its homeland. It simply can't afford to spare troops or supplies to defend this and provinces like Britannia
470.522 -> So when rome starts become weakened and the province starts to face threats from the picts and the dramatic tribe is threatening Britain the emperor
477.322 -> Honorius basically tells them that they're on their own which was shocking to the british people and the Roman empire just
483.572 -> Altogether fell 66 years later though the Romans had technically left britain
488.302 -> It's important to consider what the Romans had left behind at this point roads infrastructure cities like London, Manchester, New York and of course
495.512 -> Christianity which will play a major role in English history and
498.781 -> Following the fall of the Roman Empire we begin to see a rise from the struggle the beginnings of what will be
503.401 -> Eventually called England but not quite yet
506.312 -> Following 410 it's not like as soon as the Roman military left
509.552 -> The British Society is suddenly reverted back to its pre Roman state was of course still roman britain the aristocracy still held its power
517.722 -> Structure was still Roman the britons were still Christians latin were still spoken, ETc, Etc
522.412 -> What had happened was that the britons were just suddenly given self-rule mostly against their wishes
527.112 -> But it was what they were stuck with they pleaded multiple times for the romans to come back following 410 but knows with no such
532.631 -> Thing happening they set up their own military and defense
535.461 -> Modeled of course off rome's so even though the roman empire is a gun these people are still identifying as romans romans
542.331 -> To sidle structure as I said is still in place, and I will continue even after the roman empire has fallen
548.451 -> Despite their efforts to defend themselves
550.122 -> They're not very successful picks from Scotland Irish from Ireland and other Raiders tear apart the country
555.711 -> So the people of former Roman britain come up with a very Roman solution to the issue Hire Mercenaries
561.352 -> To deal with it, and that's what they do
563.182 -> They hire a group of very effective
565.071 -> Mercenaries Ax had already been fighting on the side of the romans as mercenaries from Northern Germany known as the
570.232 -> Anglo-Saxons three ships of these people are sent over to deal with the picts and deal with them
574.812 -> They do indeed the Tick's are deep
576.342 -> They're badly defeated and driven back into Modern-day scotland as tribute for the service the britons give the saxon some land in Modern-day
583.451 -> Kent which leads to many more sections coming over to settle in the land thousands of them in fact
587.891 -> And it's not just war your mercenaries coming over anymore
590.381 -> it's women and children and that means they're seeing adding on to this it's entirely likely that the
595.701 -> Anglo-Saxons and other North germanic Peoples had already been living on the island for a while before all these incidents
601.251 -> Unfortunately though after the pics are dealt with the britons discover that the saxons aren't very good neighbors. They're pagans. They're considerably different
608.232 -> They don't see eye to eye on the worst things and eventually the whole thing backfires on the britons and the saxons invade them
614.391 -> Conflict erupts and the British are led by a leader named
617.302 -> Ambrosius or le honest a romana Briton considered to be one of the last?
621.141 -> Romans and so the two sides go to war over what will become?
625.131 -> England eventually after a sustained war the two sides meet at the battle of mom's bed oconus around the year
631.881 -> 500 probably near the Modern City of Bath, this is a very important battle
635.742 -> It's here that the britons finally defeat the saxons and secure their existence against total domination
641.271 -> Following this battle the sections are left
643.342 -> With the east of England where they develop around 30 kingdoms to the west though the britons actually keep on living their land is named
651.302 -> Saxon word for foreigner wales is during this conflict also that we begin to hear legends of King arthur and in fact
658.612 -> it's said that a figure known as arthur was responsible for the British Victory at the battle of mons Batiatus and
664.232 -> Also for the long period of peace with the Saxons which followed how much of this legend is true well?
670.461 -> what really happened in detail is pretty unclear obviously these major events and
675.211 -> Territorial changes and battles and such things really did happen
677.992 -> but it probably wasn't as much of a solidifying clean cut and division between britons and saxons as
684.362 -> Tales tend to tell in fact probably a lot of britons
687.831 -> just
688.412 -> Assimilated into saxon culture as they were invaded in more saxons emigrated to the new lands king arthur may have been real he may
695.492 -> represent an actual figure again, though the truth remains unfortunately unclear
699.891 -> But historians are emphasizing that following his conflict and such it wasn't as much of a saxon invasion as it was a saxon
707.402 -> migration there's Evidence in fact with Saxons and Britons living together in
712.412 -> circumstances and just eventually the britons who did not go to wales just kind of adapted to the dominant Saxon culture and language and
720.122 -> Traditions and things like that the angles and the saxons were just two of the North germanic peoples to settle England
725.362 -> They were also primarily joined by the jews and some DNa evidence suggested the Friesians from Modern-Day
730.641 -> Holland join them as well these tribes followed very similar religions and very lightly spoke very similar languages and in fact they had little difficulty
737.872 -> communicating with each other through
739.412 -> Time these dramatic tribes would cease to think of themselves as different from each other and reach a point of integration at which point
745.942 -> They would simply prefer to call themselves the anglo-Saxons or in their anglo-Saxon language
750.961 -> Anglican why not sexist or sex when considering the Great importance of the Saxon Tribe?
757.011 -> Well again the gradual integration made a distinction less important
761.162 -> Interesting to note though even today in many celtic languages the name for England is still based off the saxon people
767.162 -> Shoshanna for example in Modern Irish the four hundred or so years following the roman Empire's fall is a period marked by very large
774.572 -> migrations of people across Europe in general and England continued to absorb immigrants from Northern Germany anglo-Saxon
781.112 -> England through the 500 to the 880 was ruled by scores of in a very turbulent and admittedly confusing landscape that in fact
788.542 -> It's not just confusing to us today
790.232 -> There's reports of foreigners from the mainland being confused by it the names of some kingdoms in fact are lost to history
796.372 -> But the major ones included one such as kent wessex Sussex, Mercia and Northumbria
802.742 -> throughout the Seventh Century idea the Anglo Saxon people began to convert to
806.882 -> Christianity the remnants of this
809.012 -> Conversion lasts to this day
810.572 -> Though the Roman Empire had fallen to pagan invaders the descendants of these pagans across Europe did in fact end up obviously
817.292 -> Converting to Christianity and pressures from the mainland wales and also Ireland which had already been to birth Christianity
823.582 -> Led to the
824.402 -> Anglo-Saxons adopting the religion as well and through Christianity they connected themselves to the larger European
830.192 -> picture in a critical time when post Roman Europe was forming
833.882 -> Despite conflicts and lack of political unity among the early English this was a time of economic stability and prosperity
840.572 -> There was a time period In which anglo-saxon language religion culture society and such things could begin to take root
847.742 -> unfortunately at the same time that the
849.842 -> Anglo-Saxons were taking root in England another force not far from their island was beginning to take flight a force which due to
857.222 -> Geography the English would bear the full brunt
859.312 -> Oh, and this forest would permanently alter the course of English development this force developing in Modern-day, Denmark
865.702 -> Sweden and Norway we know stay as the vikings to elaborate a little bit here the word
870.842 -> Viking more correctly refers not to the norse people
874.222 -> but to the North's raiders and explorers who wreaked Havoc on Europe for over 250 years a period known as
880.532 -> the Viking age and
882.332 -> England would be forever changed by it and in fact the viking age would begin in England off the coast of Northumbria on an Island
889.132 -> known as
889.952 -> Lindisfarne now
890.992 -> We've already talked about the vikings on this channel before so I won't go, too
894.002 -> Into depth on their origins if you're interested in that I have videos on my channel already
898.792 -> I made a mistake of breaking them into like five separate videos
902.752 -> But you know it's the same content essentially so these vikings arrived out of scandinavia - as I said the island of lindisfarne
910.412 -> Lindisfarne was a small island home to an Abbey of monks who are living there?
914.272 -> It was not a well defended area and that was actually kind of
917.852 -> as I've said the politics in England at this time were very turbulent and unstable you've had kings and kingdoms being the victims of and
925.292 -> The propagators of these plots and conflicts that seem to continue without cessation so churches essentially just kind of wanted to be in isolation
933.302 -> Away from all that now the attack on Lindisfarne
935.832 -> in which these vikings just showed up and essentially slaughtered or enslaved all of these defenses monks was not the first viking raid on the
943.682 -> British isles not even really the first raid technically on England
947.522 -> But it was the first specifically recorded major incident is recorded in what are called the anglo-Saxon chronicles?
953.702 -> And that's why it marks the beginning of the viking age for the next 60 years England will be plagued by viking raids now
961.172 -> It's not as if the English kings did nothing about this eventually it did wise up and prepare defenses against the Vikings which were
967.152 -> Effective in fact many viking raiders just kind of gave up on England
970.262 -> I started going to weaker Scotland and Ireland
972.402 -> But the lack of political unity in England prevented any united response against the viking raids in the beginning now
978.242 -> I said
979.002 -> 60 years I don't mean to mislead you to think that after these 60 years the things got better on the contrary they got worse
985.652 -> The Vikings say instead of raiding England let's just go and take it over and so in the year
990.552 -> 865 a few viking leaders actually assemble an army to go and do this. It's not clear
995.672 -> how large the army was it might have been about a thousand warriors it might have been over a thousand it might have been even
1000.682 -> Less than a thousand so not a magnificently large army keep in mind
1004.762 -> There was no single norse nation at the time to raise such an army
1008.542 -> it was more like a
1009.812 -> coalition of a bunch of different viking groups coming together out of a mutual interest who would and all Likelihood not
1015.812 -> Associate much after England had been conquered it was a small army, but it was a considerably devastating one
1021.862 -> So here is England at the time as you can see there are fewer kingdoms here than was the case in the seventh century
1028.442 -> It's mostly dominated by this time by Murcia, Northumbria
1032.122 -> And wessex what the celts to the west and north and some other anglo-Saxon kingdoms in the east here?
1037.462 -> so the vikings land in the territory of one of these smaller Eastern
1041.492 -> Saxon Kingdoms East Anglia the East Anglian
1044.072 -> Centrally put up much of a fight at first they sort of just surrounded and like let the vikings pass through their land and aged
1049.802 -> 66 they moved to attack nor some bria
1051.882 -> they took the city of york and the northumbrian essentially surrendered - and the vikings put a puppet king on the
1057.642 -> Northumbrian throne he saying leo later rejects his viking domination and stands against them of their crushed and her leader king Edmund was killed
1065.172 -> So by now as you can see the vikings have made very significant progress into england with actually very little conflict now
1071.942 -> they move to invade the kingdom of mercia the mersey ins put up quite a fight and they call an
1076.422 -> Assistance in the kingdom of wessex to do so in the year aged 70 a viking named bags egg brings
1082.602 -> Reinforcements called a great summer army with a viking army now strengthens they begin to pillage England and move toward the kingdom of wessex
1089.682 -> the king of Wessex at this time the king named
1092.592 -> Ethelred and he leads an army along with his younger brother
1095.352 -> Alfred only 22 at the time to take on the vikings. They were at first not very successful
1100.322 -> But eventually they met at what is remembered as a battle of ashdown
1104.082 -> Ethelred and alfred split their forces into two the vikings began to advance across the field but ethelred
1109.722 -> Insisted on praying before advancing to meet them alfred on the other hand felt that there was no time for prayer
1115.412 -> And he charged toward the vikings with his half of the army and what the help of his brother who later did join him?
1121.472 -> He was victorious and the vikings retreated back to the land which they had conquered in England referred to as the danelaw
1127.872 -> shown here
1128.862 -> Ethelred actually died that same year and alfred rises to become king the vikings though defeated at his val were definitely not done
1135.842 -> And they continue to threaten Mercia and wessex alfred at first paid them off, but eventually in the year
1148.722 -> 1840 of back to the Danelaw
1150.032 -> and it was clear that England would remain
1153.042 -> Accordingly alfred gets two very important titles placed to him in history the first is the great
1158.772 -> He is only one of two
1160.122 -> monarchs in English history to be called the great the
1162.822 -> Second is that he goes from being called King of the west saxons
1166.202 -> Which is wessex - king of the anglo-saxons this idea of anglo-Saxon unity begins to take root here?
1172.352 -> And it continues on with his successors in the year nine
1175.502 -> Ten Alfred's son took the even greater limits he conquered the vikings shown here in east Anglia and the Vikings here in Murcia as well
1182.582 -> And began moving northward eventually capturing you
1185.192 -> Now as you can see Edward had control of a considerable amount of Modern England he ruled over many of the formerly divided
1192.132 -> Anglo-Saxons, and this is where we begin to see the title king of england be truly accurately used edwards son appleton continues
1199.682 -> The expansion of this kingdom and his neighbors don't really like it in fact the scottish and Irish
1204.432 -> kingdoms of the day get kind of concerned about this rising English problem
1208.202 -> They unite with the vikings temporarily and take on FSN at the battle of bruna burr in
1213.432 -> 937 which the English won thus preventing the progress from being fractured for the moment anyway in
1219.702 -> 978 the Vikings returned on the Leadership of Harald Bluetooth
1223.032 -> And the king of England known promptly as elf already unready was unfit to face in order to even maintain England's existence
1230.462 -> He was forced to pay tribute to them for 20 years which greatly crippled the English economy in the year
1235.902 -> 1000 1 Fo red married the daughter of a viking king the king of Norway, but in 1,000 - he foolishly ordered the
1241.932 -> Massacre of Norse settlers in his territory who were politically more aligned with the rising nation of Denmark than just more the ambiguous term?
1250.142 -> Norse which led to another 10-year conflict with the danish vikings ethelred floods in norway where he subsequently died in?
1257.652 -> 1014 the same Year as Spain fourth beards the King of the -
1261.192 -> Now the throne of England was up in the air and knut the son of spain defeated ethelred son
1266.402 -> Edmond and claimed the throne for himself becoming king of England in 1016 knut wasn't done there two years later
1272.822 -> He claimed the son of Denmark and in 1028 the sort of Norway as well Thus
1276.582 -> founding the North Sea Empire also known as the Anglo Scandinavian Empire
1281.772 -> though knut
1282.942 -> subsequently became the
1284.292 -> Second and only other king in English history to be known as the great his empire did not last pass his death in
1290.352 -> 1035 in fact it essentially was over with his last breath knut sons
1294.662 -> did succeed him in England his line continued until 1042 when in English Saxon Edwards confessor took the throne Edward ruled until
1302.922 -> 1066 where after he died without an heir which quite obviously was going to cause some problems to Solve this Harold Godwinson
1309.792 -> The richest man in England and English accent to whom he likely did actually the throne
1314.502 -> Succeeded him in fact he hastily crown himself the day of Edwards funeral regardless though
1319.082 -> God Winston's reign was doomed from the start and many people of the day believed
1322.772 -> it
1323.232 -> Especially is how his comments had passed by England during this time it was seen as an obvious
1327.702 -> Omen that same year England was invaded by Harald Hardrada the king of Norway who had the intention of restoring the North Sea Empire?
1336.072 -> The viking forces met the English Saxons at the battle of Stamford bridge where they were
1340.842 -> Brutally defeated in heard Radha was killed by an arrow the better of the two
1345.252 -> heralds had won his death and the failure of the vikings conquest marks the end of the viking age the vikings did not have an
1352.682 -> Insignificant impact on England though in fact their influence affected English history permanently they contributed
1358.422 -> Significantly to the English language they set up a number of settlements in the british isles
1362.442 -> Including the city of Dublin which would become the capital of Ireland their culture and general presence shaped anglo-Saxon
1368.222 -> England into the nation that it would become and they even laid the seeds for England's next invader the Normans
1374.442 -> It was not even a month after Harold Godwinson Victory over the vikings that in 1066
1379.812 -> William the conqueror the Duke of Normandy
1382.302 -> invaded England in fact it was only three days later part of the justification for this was that William actually had a claim to the
1389.042 -> English throne he was related to Harold's predecessor
1391.622 -> Edward and William and in fact much of Europe believed that the throne ought to have gone to him
1397.082 -> William was very confident in his ability to conquer, England
1400.122 -> Tales were later told his mother had dream of a great tree
1403.512 -> Extending over normandy in England the night that he was conceived now here is normandy as today a part of France
1409.382 -> But it's important to remember
1410.982 -> Normandy was culturally and linguistically in such very similar to france
1414.572 -> But the Normans themselves including William or in French guillaume were the descendants of vikings who had carved out that territory about
1422.352 -> 150 Years early and simply integrated themselves into front society in fact the name normandy is related to
1429.102 -> Northland ie the vikings so william invades england with around 10,000 or so men and within a few weeks
1436.022 -> He needs harold Godwinson who commended maybe around 8,000 men at the battle of hastings
1441.462 -> Harold and William were extremely eager to meet each other in fact reports tell that william actually put his armor on
1447.072 -> Backwards at first to rush to meet him the battle lasted for most of the in the Normans
1451.852 -> Outgunned with having more archers and cavalry and likely outnumbered the anglo-saxons the anglo-saxons were defeated at this bell
1458.332 -> Godwinson was likely killed Toward the end of it and soon thereafter
1461.272 -> Hope of victory against and Normans was lost William the conqueror now ruled one of the most powerful and stable
1467.002 -> kingdoms in Europe of the Day
1468.922 -> Hastings went down as one of the most significant battles in English history major changes called the spell never again with an anglo-Saxon rule
1476.532 -> England the Anglo-Saxon aristocracy - had largely been
1479.752 -> dispossessed and replaced with Norman
1482.362 -> Aristocrats and well Saxon English was now the language of the peasantry the ruling elites spoke Norman French and would actually continue to for some
1489.972 -> time but Norman French and English would not remain separate they would merge in fact modern English has a heavier influence from Norman French than
1497.412 -> the
1497.782 -> Anglo-Saxon Old English giving us a plethora of words
1500.332 -> Many Anglo Saxon Nobles simply left a country and moved to scan the Navy or Scotland or Ireland including some of Harold Godwinson
1507.292 -> Family who moved to Ireland the Normans moved in to capitulate the anglo-saxons by asserting their dominance they built churches and castles
1514.372 -> Including London tower they documented the entire country revealing to us great detail about the societal structure of England a thousand years ago
1521.742 -> They gradually eliminated slavery in England a time reporting perhaps 10% of the population was formerly enslaved
1528.352 -> But rebellion brewed in the North William faced in English sex and Rebellion which was assisted by the danish which he brutally suppressed
1535.882 -> The Normans would face other rebellions - as well as an invasion from France
1539.652 -> But their hold over England would remain firm William died the 9th of september in the year
1544.822 -> 1087 his
1545.872 -> Successors when they weren't busy trying to hold on to the ring would continue to rule England and eventually moved into Scotland and invade wales
1552.582 -> In Ireland William's successors were not quite as successful as he was though
1557.692 -> Civil war broke out over successions and monarchy would become considerably unstable and following two invasions in Scotland
1564.222 -> England enters into a period call to the anarchy Wherein King Henry the first nephew
1569.092 -> Stefan and his daughter fought for control the throne large because Henry the first son had unfortunately died unexpectedly
1575.152 -> This period which lasted 17 years is remembered for its savage violence and bloodshed
1585.745 -> 1033 she has a son with the count whom she named Henry Henry was destined to succeed his father
1590.475 -> But as his mother
1591.925 -> Matilda had great hopes that he would one day become king of england as well after a considerable amount of conflict with both sides coming
1598.575 -> Close to victory and the nobility switching sides accordingly each time
1602.185 -> The Civil war eventually ends in 1152 was stephen becoming king his rule was uneasy as if that wasn't obvious
1609.115 -> Following almost 20 years of Civil war but his succession was also unclear and furthermore his reign included england losing lands as scottish and welsh
1616.915 -> invaders despite these Troubles even reigned until that
1620.875 -> 11:54 two years after the anarchy officially ends by this time Henry
1625.195 -> Matilda's son was now the ruler of anjou and much of western France and he had married eleanor of aquitaine
1631.105 -> Unfortunately for Stephen his son eustace had died earlier in a year 1153 leaving him without a successor
1637.285 -> He reached an agreement with Henry of anjou
1640.195 -> Henry would succeed him and there will be peace in England regarding the succession Henry was coronated on the 25th of October Becoming Henry
1647.865 -> The second and founding the Plantagenet, Dynasty which would rule over the islands of an empire
1652.765 -> Encompassing lands which stretched from Northern England to the pyrenees so once again
1656.995 -> England had more french-speaking rulers from France in fact Henry only ever spoke very poor English
1662.545 -> French and Latin were all that the ruler of england of the day needed Henry. II was known for his great temper
1668.445 -> He was power-hungry ambitious energetic and impulsive to his benefit
1672.885 -> He used his traits to secure power from the barons back to the monarchy and allowed him to expand his empire into Scotland wales
1679.405 -> Brittany and Ireland, but to his degradation
1682.375 -> He would cause much of his own family to turn on him
1684.975 -> It would have a number of shocking incidents such as a death of thomas becket
1688.725 -> The Archbishop of Canterbury that gate in the king had been feuding for years and following a transgression
1694.195 -> It's recorded that the King said in front of his men
1697.165 -> Something along the lines of what miserable drones and traitors have a nourished and brought my household to have let their lord be treated with
1703.575 -> such shameful contempt by a lowborn cleric Henry's knights overhearing these words took them literally and
1710.395 -> Assassinated becket soon after an event which would ruin Henry's image across Europe now obviously
1715.825 -> Henry had no intention of actually killing the Archbishop of Canterbury
1719.455 -> But he could not control his anger and his men mistook him in
1722.255 -> 1189 Henry will be succeeded by his third son
1724.895 -> Richard the first it become to be said of Richard that he possessed a crew of deleon or the heart of a lion
1730.835 -> Because of his great success in battle most notably during the third crusade where he fought against salahuddin the Sultan of egypt in Syria
1737.915 -> But also of course in defending his father from rebellion in his youth and also in the battlefields of france defending his territories there
1745.195 -> Despite being king of England rich would spend per house as little as six months of his reign actually in England if I could didn't
1751.135 -> Have a whole lot of interests in england itself he preferred to see it as a territory which supported his much larger, European empire
1758.585 -> Richard would die in 1199 from an error wound which became infected while fighting in France
1763.775 -> He was succeeded by his younger brother John it was less of a popular ruler in fact he isn't
1768.965 -> Remembered as a very good ruler at all in English history
1772.175 -> He first rebelled against his father Henry while he was still king and then later against his brother Richard while he was King
1778.775 -> failing of course both times John was deeply concerned about being the youngest son of the royal family
1784.345 -> But when placed in positions of power such as in Ireland. He displayed greed and power hungriest despite
1789.715 -> This he still became king. It's during John's reign the tale of Robin hood is placed
1794.905 -> You know the government so bad that it's seat is actually praised
1797.945 -> John Committed quite a few mistakes during his reign he fought multiple losing wars and in fact lost
1802.625 -> Normandy to France and the all-Japan Empire really began to collapse with John
1806.675 -> Accordingly John replaced heavy taxes on the lower classes to pay for these wars and would seize land from the nobility in the church to
1812.755 -> augment his power he would even go so far as to rape the daughters of his noble subjects and personally murder a
1818.255 -> Contender to the throne while he had him imprisoned the nobles decided that they can't just sit by and let this happen in the church
1824.395 -> Was pretty unhappy, too
1825.655 -> So eventually a band of these nobles supported by the church Gathered an army and rebels against a king and they march on London
1831.965 -> and the Archbishop of Canterbury
1833.855 -> Drafts a treaty or a new rulebook that would settle the dispute the magna Carta in English the great charter it contains
1841.025 -> 63 new laws which the King was obligated to follow with regard to the church and the treatment of his barons not with so much
1848.395 -> Focus on the common people just yet, but it was a start towards
1852.514 -> Limiting the power of the government King John signed it on the 15th of June
1856.984 -> 1215 now John was essentially forced to sign it he had no intention of actually following through with it
1862.764 -> And he really didn't the pope annulled it and in fact civil war would eventually break out between John and the barons and John would
1868.614 -> continue denying the legitimacy of it until his death in
1871.564 -> 1217 even though the Principles laid out by the magna Carta had a rough start it remains a significant
1876.965 -> document as being the first time in English history that certain ideals were proposed it puts forth the idea of rule of law that the
1884.544 -> Decision of a nation should be made with great focus on the benefit of the nation not as much the ruling elite it proposes that
1890.784 -> The King may be above the laws of men
1892.644 -> But not the laws of God the king cannot be murderous in
1895.984 -> Tyrannical without being reprimanded it created a system where many of the King's decisions has to be
1900.694 -> Cross-checked with the nobles of England a system which would lead to the modern parliament quite obviously many of these principles are
1907.444 -> Central to England to this day John some Henry the third would also fight over the legitimacy of the magna Carta and would actually call
1914.335 -> Together the first equivalent of a parliament Henry would be succeeded by his son Edward the first
1919.264 -> Longshanks or a long late because he was a considerably tall and intimidating individual in
1924.004 -> 1272 this is the King from the famous movie Braveheart
1926.874 -> And I won't go incredibly into detail about that in this video because I've already done a video on the true story of that already
1932.724 -> But edward did indeed invade scotland during his reign earning him the nickname the hammer' of the scots, but he did more than that
1939.144 -> Too as prince he took part in the ninth crusade and would fight a fight in the conflicts
1943.774 -> Surrounding the magna Carter and such at the time on his coronation at Westminster Abbey
1947.674 -> Which was built by his father Edward was crowned and declared that he was only adorn the crown once again when all the lands lost
1954.085 -> by his father were his he was intent on dominating the British isles as king he put down rebellions in wales reformed English law and
1961.354 -> Reaffirmed the power of the monarchy while at the same time setting up parliament's permanent?
1965.434 -> Parliament gave him a route to taxes subjects provide funding for his various wars on off the british isles
1970.464 -> But problems regarding the power of the monarchy was what great regard to this would continue even after his rule?
1976.594 -> He ordered the expulsion of the jews from the country a ban which lasted until the 17th century
1982.024 -> Edward would have a very and costly war in scotland leaving the figures such as willy most
1986.635 -> But a number of other scottish Nobles and leaders as well even though prior to this period Scotland
1991.284 -> England lived in relative peace during us war though Edward procured the stone of scone
1996.605 -> The stone on which all Scottish Kings had thus far been coronated and took it to England who owns it to the state though it
2003.194 -> Is now kept in scotland though he maintained his kingdom with a strong hand his weaker son, Edward
2008.005 -> II lacked his strength his son edward who is only one of the 15 children that he had would ultimately lose the lands that his
2014.865 -> Father had won in Scotland to Robert the bruce and would be a generally weak leader
2018.794 -> He was a very obvious
2020.184 -> Homosexual which angered the barons of this day and likely contributed to his great?
2023.965 -> Difficulties with his wife who would betray him with Roger mortimer of wales. He neglected it came with duties
2029.625 -> He had the unfortunate coincidence of being a king during bad weather
2032.994 -> Ie a two-year famine which killed off 10% of English population, and he was just eventually deposed in
2039.744 -> 1327 Mortimer and his wife isabella world until Edward the second son Edward killed Mortimer and imprisoned his mother becoming edward the third
2047.964 -> Edward the thirds early reign consisted of war with scotland in which he had a decent amount of success
2052.605 -> But eventually agreed to a truce with a scottish
2054.804 -> Part of the reason for the war which Edward the third found himself in with his scottish was a looming threat
2060.415 -> which England was right in the middle of an alliance between
2063.504 -> Scotland and France Perhaps middle medieval England's two greatest enemies with fears of a full-on invasion of england from France and with France
2071.575 -> Interfering with English trade and with the rest of the continent Edward knew that he would have to take action against france
2077.204 -> And he'd have to do it soon to counter the Franco's Scottish alliance known as the alt alliance Edward would ally himself with other European
2083.775 -> Nations notably with portugal the alliance with portugal and as a matter of fact would endear as one of the longest lasting
2089.815 -> alliances in World history
2091.075 -> That's not all though as the king of france Philippe the sixth took the duchy of aquitaine
2095.635 -> Edward would not solely just resist this invasion on his former territory
2099.675 -> He would be so bold as to claim the throne of france for himself
2103.285 -> Edward was incise related to the French
2105.595 -> monarchy Philippe the sixth was his uncle
2107.775 -> But he did not have that much of a legitimate claim to the French throne
2111.385 -> Edward was technically the closest living relative the charles affords the last king from to pay
2116.825 -> But Charles's instructions were for the nobility to choose the next king of france
2120.945 -> nachos filly to Vi marking the beginning of the house of Valois and Perhaps notably
2125.775 -> Edwards actions were very obviously a response more to the political situation of the day
2130.955 -> but Edward would still regardless press his rights as
2134.625 -> King and would indeed invade France even changing his royal standard to include
2139.965 -> Lions of England and the Fleur-De-lys of France as shown here the war for the throne of France would not be an insignificant
2146.925 -> One fact it would last for over a hundred years and Thus
2150.795 -> historians have
2151.695 -> creatively named it the hundred years war two important points regarding the name hundred years of war though the first is that it wasn't a
2158.885 -> Hundred years exactly with a hundred sixteen years the second it wasn't just one long endless war
2165.245 -> It was more like four wars with a series of side war as I suppose you could say involved in this 116 year dispute
2171.185 -> the four Main Wars were the Edwardian war
2174.195 -> 1337 213 60 the Caroline War 1369 and 1389 the Lancastrian War
2180.885 -> 1415 to 1420 and the Second Lancastrian were 1420 to 1453 in
2186.675 -> 1348 Word and his son Edward who would be known as a black prince invade France to not only defend the English Gazette'
2193.515 -> possessions that England had in France
2195.275 -> But of course to claim the crown of France with england busy and france scotland moved in and retook much of their former territory
2202.505 -> But their success in war against england during this war would not last forever
2206.375 -> The English and the French met at the bow of Crecy on August 26
2210.795 -> 1346 the Battle of Crecy was a disaster for the French forces the English would lose perhaps around 200 men the French would lose perhaps
2219.255 -> 6,000 obviously with this defeat the French king was outraged, but how did this catastrophic defeat happen?
2225.435 -> Edward was fighting war differently for much of European warfare leading up to this battle for hundreds of years a horseman was a
2232.485 -> Master of the Battlefield against archer and infantrymen they were difficult to defeat
2236.955 -> Edward prepared for this though he had his men dig holes in the ground which would cause a horse's trip he would put up stakes
2242.915 -> To deter a kill enemy horseman and crucially he employed the English longbow the English longbow which was likely person in wales
2250.144 -> Had a greater strength range in speed in the crossbows which the french and their genoese
2254.684 -> Mercenaries were using they were in truth a deciding factor of this battle leading to a brutal french defeat even though they outnumbered English forces
2261.974 -> Edward was also not fighting a stereotypical war either
2265.035 -> Rather than having a series of battles as had been in the case and warfare leading up at this point again
2269.765 -> He preferred to simply Skirmish the French relentlessly
2272.625 -> Not long after this battle the black death ravaged as much of Europe including England France the your cina, Pestis Bacteria
2280.004 -> Traveling across Europe from Central Asia through hitching a ride on pests would kill a victim within a matter of days
2286.474 -> it began in 1348 and lasted until
2289.365 -> 1349 but it claimed the lives of six million English alone half of the population at the time france, too
2295.954 -> Lost perhaps half of its population it would return in the 1360s again killing millions
2301.394 -> Regardless of the circumstances of the war would continue Philippe. De six died in 1350 and was succeeded by his son John II on september
2309.734 -> 1913 56 the English and French would meet at the battle of poitier's where again the french would suffer a devastating defeat
2316.335 -> Not only would they lose thousands to again minimal English losses, but their king was captured and was later Ransom in
2322.845 -> 1360 the English and French signed the treaty of Bretton II which heavily favored the English allowing them to keep all the land which they
2329.164 -> Had won and on the French side well at least at end of the conflict this piece would only last nine years
2334.694 -> Though and the hundred years war would start once again and even during this peace
2339.525 -> Conflict in Brittany which involved both England and France would be occurring I mentioned some new
2344.115 -> Developments in how this war was being fought that were very innovative and revolutionary for the time
2348.214 -> But long bows were not the only innovation artillery had a significant role in this war and gunpowder was making its debut
2354.525 -> Albeit awkwardly Beyond that though societies were changing even though this was a war considering the power of monarchs and nobility
2361.904 -> nationalistic tendencies were evolving in France in England people
2365.025 -> Felt a sense of duty not only to their king but also to their nation this attitude was quite certainly
2370.845 -> Influenced by the introduction of standing armies prior to this armies will be raised by the king and Nobleman temporarily for Wars
2377.494 -> But because of the longevity of this conflict the English and French felt it necessary to have a more
2382.645 -> And disciplined fighting Force and the monarchs of these nations revise things like their taxation methods to support this in
2389.315 -> 1369 the War was Back on
2391.235 -> Propagated by the French this time under Charles offit's hence it became known as the Caroline war
2396.395 -> The pope pleaded with the combatants to find peace where the church was preoccupied and was unable to truly convince the two to cease hostilities
2403.805 -> edwards son Edward the Black Prince would die in 1376 and Edward a third in
2409.265 -> 1377 and were the third would therefore be succeeded by his grandson who became Richard a second in 1377
2415.475 -> Richard was only 10 years old at a time however and therefore regency under John of gaunt Richard's uncle was instated in
2422.435 -> 1381
2423.125 -> Following the stresses of the black death when the stresses of the taxes used to pay for the war the English peasantry
2427.925 -> Revolted Led by Walt Tyler of kent the revolt itself was not very successful and was over within half a year
2434.215 -> but it showed the socio-economic strain on england during this age three years later in the
2439.805 -> 1384 War with Scotland Began again
2441.805 -> And the king was forced to raise taxes making King Richard even more unpopular
2446.165 -> Meanwhile the French carved back into many of their territories which have been lost in the first phase of the hundred years war
2451.535 -> bringing the English to accept the truce in 1389 the French had won the second phase of the war and peace would continue until
2458.285 -> 1415 Richard II was dethroned in
2460.955 -> 1399 and replaced with John Agon son Henry the fourth Henry the fourth was interestingly the first King since Harold Godwinson
2467.585 -> Whose mother tongue was English not french and very significantly he was the first king of the lancastrian Branch of the house of Plantagenet?
2474.995 -> he would rule until
2476.735 -> 1413 when he was succeeded by his son Henry
2478.925 -> V who would play a major role in the hundred years war he too would assert his claim over the french throne and after making
2485.075 -> Alliance with the Burgundians in
2487.025 -> 1415 Henry would Invade Normandy and very unfortunately for the French there king Charles's six was insane
2493.885 -> He was essentially unable to rule and this caused a great divide between the French nobility about his succession the into a bit of civil
2500.725 -> War in this very crucial time on October the 25th of that same year the battle of agincourt took place
2506.665 -> And this was a third great French military disaster English tactics and technology succeeded again and the English Loss perhaps
2515.214 -> While the french law is very likely over 8,000 henri presses into france and in fact finally in a sense secures the French throne
2523.285 -> Henri is declared to be following a treaty of troyes the heir of charles is 6 the king of France to secure this further
2530.204 -> He marries the King's daughter Catherine
2532.285 -> but then something unexpected
2533.994 -> happens Henri dies young from dysentery in
2536.694 -> 1422 only two months before Charles of 6 days now Henry's Heir was his son also named Henry
2542.174 -> but the French did not
2543.295 -> Recognize young Henry as the heir they instead named their king's son Charles who would be charles the Seventh king and so of course
2549.924 -> war
2550.525 -> continues
2551.025 -> It would have been very interesting to have seen what would have happened if Henry V had not died young and would have gone on
2556.515 -> To become king of france, but of course that's not what happened with war back on though a new hero
2562.484 -> Or rather heroine would rise this scene this time on the side of the french a young girl from the lower classes named Jang dok
2569.355 -> or in English
2570.595 -> Joan of Arc Joan had claimed to have had a vision from Saints telling her that it was her duty to drive out the English
2577.004 -> And france and she try to tell the king of Francis the king was not interested at first until she made an accurate prediction
2583.704 -> regarding an upcoming
2584.664 -> battle
2585.234 -> After this the king decided to listen and she claimed that she had to lead of the french army to relieve the city of orly
2590.954 -> Off from a siege she did so and she was victorious and was
2594.775 -> subsequently made a commander of the French post
2597.085 -> Forces now in this time period The French would have been reluctant to accept a farm girl as a commander
2602.894 -> But France was running out of options at this point
2604.964 -> and she seemed to be
2606.295 -> succeeding not long into the war when she was only 19, though, the
2609.835 -> Burgundians captured her and sold her to the English and the English found her guilty of heresy and burned her at the stake
2615.984 -> The English had finally captured joan of Arc, but her effect was irreversible and the French were now winning the war the war
2622.285 -> technically ends in
2623.635 -> 1453 at the Battle of Castile where England lost all land in modern France except for Calais and france secured its victory even though
2631.674 -> officially speaking the two nations would remain at war with each other for twenty more years or so and
2636.535 -> England would continue to claim the crown of France for many years to come
2640.065 -> Following this war england would begin to enter the early modern, Era the social technological and governmental and such aspects of English society
2648.325 -> And changing and would continue to change following the hundred years war
2651.714 -> but another conflict have been brewing throughout the hundred years war however an internal conflict in England one which would surface following the end of
2658.315 -> the war and the end of the reign of Henry the six who was considered a poor king and
2662.825 -> Exacerbated by his wife margaret of anjou the wars of the roses of the came to be called
2667.325 -> the wars of the roses were a series of civil conflicts fought for the control of the store on between the two houses of the
2673.325 -> Plantagenet Dynasty the
2675.244 -> lancastrians
2675.905 -> represented by a red Rose and the Yorkists
2678.305 -> Represented by a white rose the conflict was not so cut and dry as it's often portrayed in tales at the time especially those from
2685.655 -> Shakespeare and even though it lasted for thirty years
2688.375 -> It wasn't a brutal agonizing war on the part of the English people in the year
2693.905 -> 1485 the conflict comes to an end as Henry the seventh Slaves Richard the third at the battle of Bosworth field a battle which only
2700.615 -> claimed the lives of 2,000 or so men
2702.775 -> but marked the end of the English middle ages for good Henry the seventh the
2707.105 -> Lancastrian with questionable heritage those merges the two houses of york and lancaster into the house of tudor by marrying the daughter of Henry
2714.474 -> The 4th Elizabeth which he represents with the white and red rose as shown here and england moves on into a new age
2721.595 -> though now the Ruler of renaissance
2723.754 -> England Henry the Seventh still had to clean up from the middle ages the wars of the roses had fractured England's government
2729.474 -> And he struggled to hold on to his crown quite wisely henry pursued a peaceful foreign policy trying to improve ties with both
2736.625 -> Scotland and France
2738.185 -> Henry the seventh died on april 21st
2741.185 -> 1509 he was succeeded by his 17-year old son who became Henry the eighth thereby securing the continuation of the tudor dynasty
2748.415 -> Henry would be a very busy king though in the eyes of many of the day not the best one his older brother
2753.545 -> Arthur had died seven years prior leaving the kingly duties to him in fact Henry would simply Marry his widow Catherine of Aragon
2760.385 -> daughter of the King and Queen of Spain
2762.935 -> Catherine would bear him two sons
2764.515 -> but both would be Stillborn
2766.285 -> The inability to produce an heir would trouble henry very much concern was securing his accession and would not only trouble Henry
2772.555 -> But would cause a good amount of trouble for England in years to come in the meantime
2776.645 -> Henry would engage in conflict with the french largely for personal glory as these wars that she's really little at the same time
2783.555 -> Scotland would invade England which would be another
2785.925 -> Relatively pointless war for what Henry would take the credit and winning even though Katherine had managed and matter while Henry wasn't friends
2792.255 -> Katherine was still failing to produce a male heir though she had produced a daughter Mary
2797.535 -> Mary would be the only one of seven of Katherine's children who would live to adulthood this deeply concerned Henry a female heir in itself
2804.725 -> Was a concern for 16th century nation let alone one for a nation which had just come out of the wars of the roses
2811.115 -> Henry was determined to have a male heir so determined in fact that he would make an incredibly bold move he was essentially left with
2817.505 -> Three options he could legitimize one of his illegitimate sons which would have been problematic
2823.425 -> he could have attempted to have a grandson to inherit the throne which would have also been problematic or
2828.945 -> He could divorce his wife and marry a new one. He chose a third option in 1527, but the pope did not approve
2836.895 -> So how does Henry respond he leaves the church altogether and starts his own church?
2842.145 -> Not while the English reformation at its called was incredibly audacious it did occur at the same time as the much larger
2848.625 -> Protestant reformation though the English reformation was quite obviously less about religion and more about politics
2854.385 -> Henry was very serious about this or in the rest of england to convert to his religion and in fact
2858.765 -> Executing many who actively resisted this schism would change English history permanently throwing them into religious disagreement between Europeans for centuries
2866.805 -> Henry would then Marry Anne Boleyn who would give birth to a daughter Elizabeth and also very unfortunately a Stillborn son
2873.755 -> How does Henry respond to this not very?
2875.955 -> Maturely he was convinced that he was cursed and he accused emmalin-- of witchcraft and had her executed
2881.595 -> Who had then married Jane Seymour who would finally give him a son Edward?
2886.035 -> Unfortunately though Jane Seymour would die from Postpartum
2888.765 -> Complications soon after Henry would marry three more times after her death producing only Mary
2894.105 -> Elizabeth and his son Edward who would succeed him as edward the six and
2898.245 -> 1547 in cruel Irony though Edward would Die before the age of sixteen from Tuberculosis
2903.525 -> leaving only Mary and Elizabeth to inherit the throne mary after doing away with Lady Jane Grey Became queen in
2910.185 -> 1553 there was an interesting twist of this though Mary was a catholic
2914.285 -> It was quite Adamant about return England to catholicism
2917.015 -> So after the English have been bullied and faced death for resisting
2921.015 -> Anglicanism now Mary turned it around and bullied and executed anglicans refused to convert back to catholicism
2927.254 -> this was not the time to be openly pious and mary burns nearly 300 protestants alive as a
2933.224 -> Result she was given the Nickname Bloody Mary Mary died in
2937.335 -> 1558 and The English did not miss her
2939.525 -> Despite attempts to secure a catholic on the throne including philip her husband the king of Spain she would be succeeded by her
2945.585 -> Protestant house sister Elizabeth Elizabeth would rule for nearly 50 years
2950.105 -> Assuring in a Golden age in English history known as the elizabethan era one of Elizabeth's first acts was of course return England to protestantism
2957.915 -> This led to the pope declaring her illegitimate and a heretic yet elizabeth quite wisely was not as aggressive
2963.885 -> concerning
2964.605 -> protestantism as her
2965.595 -> Predecessors have been she was more tolerant of Catholics and accordingly she maintained a decent amount of peace in England between a different religious groups
2971.885 -> Of the day Elizabeth never married and had no children earning her the title the virgin queen
2977.595 -> Later on the English would name a North American colony after her, Virginia
2981.825 -> Why she chose to never Marry is unknown she claimed that her husband was England and her children were the English people
2988.004 -> Was very likely linked to the political instability that a marriage might have caused especially for a queen
2993.675 -> But she did in fact have many suitors and she fell in love with a man named Robert Dudley under Elizabeth's reign English renaissance
3000.395 -> Culture would flourish the most notable figure of this time being william Shakespeare considered perhaps one of the greatest writers in human history
3007.565 -> just because Elizabeth was more tolerant towards English Catholics does not mean that foreign Catholic nations were tolerant towards her and
3014.224 -> She would be forced to deal with the plots and complex of other major Catholic powers of the day such as france and Spain
3019.984 -> One of her first moves regarding this political and religious situation was to spread
3024.065 -> protestantism in Scotland thereby
3025.595 -> Attempting to break the Franco Scottish alliance knowing that france could use scotland as an ally in a potential war as it had done many
3032.004 -> times throughout history
3033.305 -> part of the reason for this threat came from Mary the queen of scots who had also been the queen of France for only a
3038.665 -> Year
and furthermore the
3040.115 -> great-granddaughter of Henry the Seventh of England Catholic Europe recognized Mary A
3044.494 -> Catholic as the rightful ruler of England she married Henry stuart an English Catholic with
3049.075 -> Into the English throne as well quite naturally this concerned elizabeth greatly and she would spend years feuding with her
3055.145 -> Eventually mary was actually ousted by the Scottish nobility and she fled to england for protection Elizabeth would not have it though
3061.224 -> I'm she imprisoned Mary for eighteen and a half years until finally she had her executed for plotting to assassinate her
3067.445 -> Elizabeth would attempt to Avoid conflict throughout her reign though
3070.195 -> She did send forces to assist Dutch protestants against the Catholic Spanish Rulers while Spain accordingly supported the catholic Irish against the English
3077.915 -> Meddling like this would lead to the anglo-Spanish war in
3081.185 -> 1585 the Situation was exacerbated in 1587 when Mary the queen of scots was executed this outraged King philip of Spain
3088.954 -> Mary had left in her will that Philip would inherit her claim to the English throne should she be killed and Philip vowed to put
3094.675 -> A catholic Monarch on the English throne and in fact received support from the pope to overthrow her he began preparing a fleet however it
3101.454 -> Was Sabotage by Sir Francis drake a year later the Spanish were a pair in set sail for England?
3105.805 -> But English tactics as well as unfavorable weather
3108.964 -> Successfully repelled the Spanish Armada while under the command of Charles howard and again Francis drake while addressing her forces in
3115.685 -> Preparation for a potential Spanish invasion on the Island Elizabeth is quoted as saying my loving people
3120.925 -> We have been persuaded by some tSAr careful of our safety to take heed
3124.555 -> How we commit ourselves to armed multitude for fear of treachery
3127.704 -> But I assure you I do not desire to live to distrust my faithful and loving people
3131.724 -> I know I have the body but of a weak and feeble woman
3134.305 -> But I have the heart and stomach of a king and of a king of England, too
3138.445 -> And I think foul scorn that parma or spain or any prince of Europe should dare to invade the borders of my realm
3144.695 -> Elizabeth's had defended the protestant religion in England and she had ascended it from foreign rule as well
3149.425 -> she led England during a time in which great figures such as shakespeare Francis Bacon and Francis Drake were alive and by
3155.945 -> Successfully challenging Spanish power she paved the way for England to become a greater power thereby opening a road to the Americas
3163.204 -> She died in
3164.285 -> 1603 as the last tudor monarchy she would be succeeded by king James at first who was also king of scotland being a son of
3170.875 -> Mary Queen of Scots
3172.415 -> Despite being the son of an ardent Catholic James had converted to protestantism
3176.254 -> And was intent on keeping
3177.785 -> England that way will take up a what happens with James in the next video for more videos like this and videos on
3182.875 -> Many other subjects be sure to check out fire learning and subscribed. Thank you for watching
Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=joErUdT-bD0