POWER Shifts After 1900 [AP World History] Unit 7 Topic 1 (7.1)

POWER Shifts After 1900 [AP World History] Unit 7 Topic 1 (7.1)

POWER Shifts After 1900 [AP World History] Unit 7 Topic 1 (7.1)

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In this video Heimler walks you through Unit 7 Topic 1 (7.1) of AP World History.


Content

0.08 -> Hi and welcome back to Heimler’s History.
1.77 -> And welcome to the first topic video of Unit 7 of AP World History.
4.879 -> Now, Unit 7 is all about global conflict after 1900.
8.08 -> And in this unit we’re really going to look at two major global conflicts and their causes
12.36 -> and their effects.
13.36 -> But in this video we’re going to set the stage for these global conflicts by talking
16.38 -> about the political and ideological upheavals that were going on around the world during
20.31 -> this time.
21.31 -> So if you’re ready to get upheaved, I’m ready to upheave you.
23.599 -> Let’s get to it.
24.599 -> So I don’t think it’s too much to say that by the end of the 20th century a fundamentally
28.56 -> new global order had been established.
30.63 -> And no small part of that reordering had to do with several large-scale revolutions that
34.72 -> occurred in the first few decades of the 20th century.
37.13 -> And these revolutions occurred, but are not limited to, Russia, China, the Ottoman Empire,
41.47 -> and Mexico.
42.6 -> So let’s take a look at each of these in turn.
44.12 -> First, the Russian Revolution.
45.67 -> So, early in the 20th century, Russia, internally, was basically a hot mess.
50.14 -> Europe, the United States, Japan, all of these had long surpassed Russia in terms of wealth
53.9 -> and power.
54.9 -> And Russia’s economic growth was sluggish during this time because those in power refused
58.36 -> to work on infrastructure, like roads and railroads.
60.94 -> And those in power also refused to extend voting rights and education to the mass of
64.8 -> people.
65.8 -> And when the people responded in protest against these injustices, the Russian government shot
69.57 -> a bunch of them in the Bloody Sunday massacre in 1905.
73.16 -> Now look, I admit, I myself have never been an authoritarian dictator before, but in my
78.5 -> humble opinion, if you want to keep people under your rule, this is not the way to do
83.14 -> it.
84.14 -> Anyway, not only did Russia have internal problems, they also had external problems
86.79 -> as well.
87.79 -> Because hey, if you ain’t right inside, you ain’t gonna be right outside either.
90.04 -> You didn’t think you were going to be learning life lessons in a history video, did you?
93.27 -> In 1856 the Russians lost the Crimean War to the Ottomans.
96.18 -> And then in 1905 they lost to the Japanese in the Russo-Japanese War, in no small part
100.98 -> because of Japan’s superior industrial and military capability.
104.33 -> So with all this mounting tension, a group called the Bolsheviks overthrew the tsarist
108.92 -> government in 1917.
110.63 -> They were led by Vladimir Lenin and represented the oppressed working class in Russia.
114.65 -> And so in this overthrow of power, Lenin and the Bolsheviks established a communist government.
118.53 -> And in doing so they abolished free trade, nationalized factories and industries, and
123.64 -> redistributed the crops of peasants to feed the urban workers.
126.45 -> And the establishment of a communist government in Russia shook the world.
130 -> Dear diary, the Russians have revolted and established a communist government, and while
134.1 -> I uphold the right of peoples to determine for themselves how they ought to be governed,
138.5 -> I confess to you, dear diary, that when I heard the news, I pooped my pants a little.
145.21 -> Hugs and kisses, Woodrow Wilson.
147.03 -> It’s true that this new order in Russia made western powers uneasy, and that the fight
151.34 -> between communism and democracy would become a major theme in the rest of the 20th century.
155.7 -> But I get ahead of myself.
156.83 -> Alright, so let’s move on and talk about China.
159.23 -> So early in the 20th century China also was facing both internal and external problems.
163.54 -> If you’ll recall, the Qing Dynasty had been in power since 1644.
166.91 -> And one of their main internal problems had to do with ethnic tension.
170.81 -> Remember that the Qing Dynasty was not a native Chinese dynasty—they were Manchurian.
174.94 -> And one of the major ethnic groups in China at the time was the Han.
178.29 -> And because the Han were native Chinese, they had long resisted the legitimacy of their
182.33 -> Manchurian leaders.
183.4 -> And that meant that there was a long policy of discrimination against the Han.
186.88 -> And the second internal problem that they faced was the perpetual threat of famine.
190.57 -> For two hundred years the population had been steadily growing and food production had not
194.81 -> kept up.
195.81 -> All it would take is a drought or some blight on the crops and that would wipe out huge
199.239 -> numbers of people.
200.239 -> The third internal problem they were dealing with was on the government level.
202.98 -> The Qing Dynasty’s tax revenue was extremely low.
205.349 -> And that meant that they were unable to keep up with the country’s infrastructure and
208.36 -> keep it in good repair.
209.71 -> Externally, China was getting the economic snot beat out of them by industrialized powers.
213.67 -> By 1900 China’s economy was in steep decline because they were dominated economically by
217.97 -> foreign powers who had forced free trade agreements on them.
220.97 -> And they were able to do that because of their superior industrial and military capabilities.
224.94 -> So with all that causing unrest in the population, a man by the name of Sun Yat-Sen led a revolution
230.879 -> to overthrow the Qing Dynasty in 1911.
233.12 -> Now once Sun established his new government, it wasn’t a complete revolution.
236.59 -> There did remain some continuity between the new government and the Qing.
239.74 -> For example, Sun Yat-Sen upheld traditional Confucian values like social harmony and the
243.629 -> veneration of ancestors.
245.069 -> But despite that continuity, there was much change as well.
247.709 -> As a result of this revolution, Sun sought to rectify the unequal distribution of wealth
251.88 -> in China.
252.88 -> He also sought to make China more democratic than it had been.
255.569 -> But his vision for democracy was to place the power to govern not in everyone’s hands,
259.409 -> but in the hands of those who were fit to govern, and that meant educated experts who
264.349 -> ruled in the name of the people.
265.96 -> Now, Sun Yat-Sen’s leadership was short lived, two months to be exact.
269.289 -> After failing to bring all of China under the aegis of this new government, he decided
273.02 -> to go ahead and hand over his power to military leaders.
275.449 -> Now his party would later in the century return to power, only to lose it again to the communists.
279.569 -> But I get ahead of myself yet again.
281.43 -> Alright, now let’s turn our attention to the Ottoman Empire and see what’s going
284.12 -> on over there.
285.12 -> So in the first part of the 20th century the Ottoman Empire got itself a nickname: the
288.71 -> sick man of Europe.
289.74 -> And their sickness was due to repeated military defeats and a sinking economy.
294.11 -> From the 1840s to the 1870s, the Ottomans had attempted to modernize under a series
298.58 -> of reforms called Tanizmat, however, those reforms simply did not go far enough.
302.479 -> And it was at this time that a group called the Young Turks rose up, advocating for a
306.139 -> constitutional style government made in the image of European-style governments.
309.889 -> And they also argued for a kind of cultural realignment called Turkification.
313.46 -> And this was an effort to require all citizens to embrace Turkish culture, which happened
317.819 -> to be deeply influenced by Islam.
319.59 -> And this turned out to be a big problem for the large majority of Armenian Christians
323.29 -> who lived in the Ottoman Empire.
324.68 -> And these kind of policies led to large-scale persecution of these Christians, but we’ll
328.349 -> have to save that for another video.
329.46 -> The Young Turks also complained about the overbearing economic influence by European
333.56 -> states, who, according to their estimation, were crippling the Ottoman economy.
336.729 -> And this was one of the big reasons the Ottomans sided with Germany in World War I.
340.729 -> And yet again, I have gotten ahead of myself.
342.65 -> Let’s come back.
343.809 -> Long story short, in 1923 the Republic of Turkey was established under the leadership
347.54 -> of Mustafa Kemal, also known as Ataturk.
349.919 -> While he wasn’t strictly in league with the Young Turks, he did share many of their
353.639 -> sympathies.
354.639 -> And so Ataturk focused on making Turkey like western democracies, and unhinging its culture
358.539 -> from Islam.
359.539 -> Okay, and finally, let’s turn our attention to the shifting power in Mexico during this
363.039 -> time.
364.039 -> At the beginning of the 20th century, Mexico was an independent state under the brutal
366.599 -> and authoritarian control of a man named Porfirio Diaz.
369.669 -> And one of the complaints against his rule is that he had consistently allowed foreign
373.219 -> investors to control much of Mexico’s resources.
376.119 -> Additionally, there was an extreme inequality of wealth distribution.
379.219 -> One percent of the Mexican people owned 90% of the land.
382.819 -> And that meant that a huge portion of Mexico’s population were landless and poor.
386.719 -> And so in 1910 Diaz imprisoned Fransisco Madero who was his opponent in the upcoming presidential
392.039 -> contest.
393.039 -> This act became the spark that ignited the Mexican Revolution.
395.509 -> Madero ended up escaping from prison and organized an opposition to Diaz which eventually led
400.009 -> to the toppling of Diaz’s rule and resulted in his exile from Mexico.
404.999 -> And by 1917 Mexico had ratified a new constitution which aimed to solve lots of the problems
409.02 -> created under Diaz.
410.18 -> For example, the constitution provided for land redistribution, voting rights for all
413.969 -> men, and public education.
415.11 -> Alright, that’s what you need to know about Unit 7 topic 1 of AP World History.
422.683 -> And if you want to join the Heimler revolution, then click here and subscribe and come along.
427.053 -> Heimler out.

Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K6BH_KvzAaY