Terrorism, War, and Bush 43: Crash Course US History #46

Terrorism, War, and Bush 43: Crash Course US History #46

Terrorism, War, and Bush 43: Crash Course US History #46

In which John Green teaches you about the tumultuous 2000s in the United States of America, mainly the 2000s that coincide with the presidency of George W Bush. From the controversial election in 2000 to the events of 9/11 and Bush’s prosecution of the War on Terror, the George W. Bush presidency was an eventful one. John will teach you about Bush’s domestic policies like tax-cutting and education reform, and he’ll get into the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. The event that came to pass during Bush’s presidency are still very much affecting the United States and the world today, so listen up!

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit’s free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. Much of President Bush’s term was defined by the events following the terror attack on September 11, including his support for the Patriot Act: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/presi…
President Bush also sought to prevent discord with Muslim Americans following the 9/11 attacks in his Islam is Peace” Speech: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/presi…

Chapters:
Introduction: The 21st Century 00:00
Bush v. Gore 0:56
Bush’s First 100 Days 2:57
Education Reform \u0026 “No Child Left Behind” 3:47
Bush’s Tax Cuts 4:03
Mystery Document 4:17
September 11, 2001 5:25
The Bush Doctrine 6:42
Afghanistan \u0026 The Taliban 7:05
Global War on Terror 7:46
Iraq, Al Qaeda, and Sadam Hussein 8:24
The USA PATRIOT Act 9:45
The Bush Administration’s Stance on Torture 11:12
Bush’s Reelection 11:36
Economics \u0026 Jobs Under Bush 11:51
Controversies of the Bush Administration 12:51
Hurricane Katrina 13:06
The End of Bush’s Second Term 13:43
The Significance of the Bush Era 14:20
Credits 14:55

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Content

0.229 -> Hi, I’m John Green, this is CrashCourse U.S. history and today we’ve done it!
4.96 -> WE’VE FINALLY REACHED THE 21st CENTURY!
7.59 -> Today, we boldly go where no history course has gone before, because your teacher ran
11.949 -> out of time and never made it to the present.
14.15 -> Also, if you’re preparing for the AP test it’s unlikely that today’s video will
17.64 -> be helpful to you because, you know, they never get to this stuff.
20.25 -> Mr. Green, Mr. Green?
21.88 -> Awesome, free period.
22.88 -> Yeah, Me From the Past, there’s no such thing as a free period.
25.679 -> There’s only time, and how you choose to use it.
28.81 -> Also, Me From the Past, we’re in your future, hold on I’ve got to take this stuff off
32.009 -> it’s hard to take me seriously with that.
33.75 -> We’re in the future for you which means that you are learning important things about
38.08 -> the you who does not yet exist.
40.07 -> You know about Lady GaGa, Kanye and Kim, Bieber, well you’re not going to find out about
44.579 -> any of those things because this is a history class, but it’s still going to be interesting.
55.809 -> INTRO So the presidency of George W. Bush may not
58.94 -> end up on your AP exam, but it’s very important when it comes to understanding the United
63.129 -> States that we live in today The controversy starts with the 2000 Election.
67.9 -> Democratic presidential candidate Al “I invented the Internet” Gore was sitting
71.41 -> Vice President, and he asked Bill Clinton not to campaign much because a lot of voters
76.08 -> kind of hated Bill Clinton.
77.47 -> The republican candidate was George W. Bush, governor of Texas and unlike his father a
83.22 -> reasonably authentic Texan.
85.14 -> You know, as people from Connecticut go.
87.09 -> Bush was a former oil guy and baseball team owner and he was running as a Compassionate
91.59 -> Conservative, which meant he was organizing a coalition of religious people and fiscal
96.09 -> conservatives.
97.09 -> And that turned out to be a very effective coalition and George W Bush got a lot of votes.
101.94 -> He did not however get as many votes as Al Gore.
104.92 -> But as you’ll no doubt remember from earlier in Crash Course US History, in the United
108.41 -> States presidential elections are not decided by popular vote.
111.75 -> They are decided by the Electoral College.
114.05 -> So the election was incredibly close.
115.65 -> It solidified the Red-Blue divide that has become a trope for politicians since.
120.03 -> And in the end Gore won the popular vote by about 500,000 votes.
124.25 -> However, Al Gore did not have the necessary electoral votes to become president.
129.95 -> Unless he won Florida.
131.89 -> Did he win Florida?
132.939 -> I don’t even want to go there…
135.159 -> In Florida the vote was ridiculously close, but George W Bush had a gigantic advantage
139.519 -> which is that his brother, Jeb Bush, was the governor of Florida.
142.739 -> So when it came time to certify the election Jeb was like, “Yeah.
144.93 -> My brother won.
145.93 -> No big deal.”
146.93 -> But then the Gore campaign sued to have a recount by hand which is allowed under Florida
150.719 -> law.
151.719 -> But then Bush’s lawyers asked the Supreme Court to intervene and they did.
154.68 -> Their decision in Bush v. Gore remains rather controversial.
158.68 -> They ruled that the recount should be stopped, interfering with a state law and also a state’s
163.43 -> electoral process, which is a weird decision for strict constructionists to make.
167.34 -> However, one of the strong points of the United States these past couple centuries has been
170.579 -> that sometimes we have the opportunity to go to war over whether this person or that
174.329 -> person should be president and we chose not to.
176.97 -> So regardless of whether you think the recount should have gone on, or George W Bush should
180.55 -> have been elected, he was, and he set to work implementing his campaign promises, including
185.26 -> working on a missile defence system that was very similar to Star Wars.
188.579 -> And that was Ronald Reagan’s Star Wars, not George Lucas’ Star Wars.
191.499 -> Man if we could get a federally funded new Star Wars trilogy that doesn’t suck that
195.829 -> would be awesome.
196.829 -> Anyway, in the first 100 days of his presidency Bush also barred federal funding for stem
200.249 -> cell research, and he supported oil drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.
204.87 -> And speaking of environmental policy, the Bush administration announced that it would
207.42 -> not abide by the 1997 Kyoto Protocol on carbon emissions and that didn’t go over well with
213 -> environmentalists in the U.S. or in all of these green parts of not-America because they
217.499 -> were like, “You guys made all the carbon.”
219.689 -> To which we said, “This is America.”
224.499 -> Libertage Bush also attempted education reform with
229.019 -> the No Child Left Behind Act, which mandated that states implement “rigorous” standards
233.92 -> and testing regimes to prove that those standards were being met.
236.95 -> The No Child Left Behind Act is especially controversial with teachers who are great
240.389 -> friends of Crash Course US History so we will say nothing more.
243.849 -> Most importantly, George W Bush pushed through the largest tax cut in American history in
248.93 -> 2001.
249.93 -> Claiming that putting more money in Americans’ pockets would stimulate growth in an economy
253.84 -> that had stumbled after the bursting of the dot-com bubble in 2000.
256.94 -> Oh, it’s time for the Mystery Document?
259.7 -> The rules here are simple.
262.32 -> I guess the author of the Mystery Document, I either get it right, or I get shocked with
266.19 -> the shock pen.
267.75 -> Alright, what have we got here today.
271.612 -> I’ve got a feeling it’s going to be a sad one.
273.5 -> “It was a beautiful fall day, with a crisp, blue sky.
276.59 -> I was coming in to work late that day; I guess I didn’t have first period class.
280.17 -> It was only the second or third day of school.
282.63 -> When I emerged from the subway, Union Square was strangely quiet, which only added to the
286.92 -> beauty of the day.
288.65 -> People were standing still, which is weird in New York under any circumstances, and looking
292.89 -> down University Place towards lower Manhattan.
295.93 -> Before I even looked I asked a passerby what had happened.
298.81 -> She, or he, I really don’t remember, said that a plane had crashed into the Trade Center.
303.12 -> Then I looked and saw the smoke coming billo wing out of the South Tower.
306.33 -> I thought it was an accident, but I knew that this was not going to be an easy day.
310.14 -> Well it’s obviously someone who was in New York City on September 11, 2001, but that
313.95 -> only narrows it down to like 10 million people.
316.41 -> However, I happen to know that it is Crash Course historian and my high school history
321.01 -> teacher Raoul Meyer who wrote that account.
323.45 -> This is the saddest I have ever been not to be shocked.
326.05 -> So whether George Bush’s domestic policy would have worked is up for debate, but the
329.5 -> events of September 11, 2001 ensured that foreign policy would dominate any discussion
334.95 -> of the opening decade of the 21st century.
337.25 -> That morning terrorists affiliated with al Qaeda hijacked 4 airliners.
340.98 -> Two planes were flown into Manhattan’s World Trade Center, a third was crashed into the
344.72 -> Pentagon in Washington and a fourth, also headed for Washington DC crashed in Pennsylvania
349.6 -> when passengers overpowered the hijackers.
352.22 -> Almost 3,000 people died including almost 400 policemen and firefighters.
356.68 -> As Americans rushed to help in the search for survivors and to rebuild a devastated
361.31 -> city, a shared sense of trauma and a desire to show resolve really did bring the country
366.76 -> together.
367.76 -> President Bush’s popularity soared in the wake of the attacks.
369.92 -> In a speech on September 20, the president told Americans watching on television that
374.18 -> the terrorists had targeted America “Because we love freedom […]. And they hate freedom.”
379.43 -> This is another critical moment in American history where the definition of freedom is
383.04 -> being reimagined.
384.04 -> And we were reminded in the wake of September 11th that one of the central things that government
388.01 -> does to keep us free is to keep us safe.
390.52 -> But at the same time ensuring our safety sometimes means impinging upon our freedoms.
396.26 -> And the question of how to keep America safe while also preserving our civil liberties
400.19 -> is one of the central questions of the 21st century.
402.75 -> At any rate, in the September 20th speech, the president announced a new guiding principle
406.5 -> in foreign policy that became known as the Bush Doctrine.
409.88 -> America would go to war with terrorism making no distinction between the terrorists and
414.51 -> nations that harbored them.
415.59 -> Bush laid out the terms for the world that night: “Either you are with us or you are
420.47 -> with the terrorists.”
421.94 -> But that dichotomy of course would prove to be a bit of an oversimplification.
425.15 -> So on October 7, the United States launched its first airstrikes on Afghanistan, which
428.971 -> at the time was ruled by a group of Islamic fundamentalists called the Taliban who were
432.73 -> protecting Osama bin Laden, al Qaeda’s leader.
435.22 -> This was followed by American ground troops supporting the anti-Taliban Northern Alliance
439.1 -> in chasing out the Taliban and setting up a new Afghan government that was friendly
443.01 -> to the United States.
444.2 -> This new government did undo many of the worst Taliban policies, for instance allowing women
448.41 -> and girls to go to school, and even to serve in the parliament.
451.35 -> More women than girls in the parliament naturally.
453.71 -> But by 2007 the Taliban was beginning to make a comeback and although fewer than 100 Americans
458.68 -> died in the initial phase of the war, a sizeable force remained and in the ensuing 12 years
463.67 -> the number of Americans killed would continue to rise.
466.21 -> And then, by January 2002, Bush had expanded the scope of the Global War on Terror by proclaiming
471.8 -> that Iran, Iraq and North Korea were an “axis of evil” that harbored terrorists, even
477.76 -> though none of those nations had direct ties to the September 11 attacks.
481.66 -> The ultimate goal of Bush Doctrine was to make the world safe for freedom and also to
485.26 -> spread it and freedom was defined as consisting of political democracy, free expression, religious
491.01 -> toleration, free trade and free markets.
493.75 -> These freedoms, Bush said, were, “right and true for every person, in every society”.
498.84 -> And there’s no question that the Saddam Hussein led Iraq of 2003 was not, by any of
503.1 -> those definitions, free.
504.4 -> But the 2003 invasion of Iraq by the United States was predicated on two ideas.
508.62 -> First, that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction - chemical and biological weapons that they
512.5 -> were refusing to give up.
513.999 -> And second, that there was, or at least may have been, a link between Saddam Hussein's
518.45 -> Iraq and the Al Qaeda attacks of 9-11.
520.959 -> So in March 2003 the United States, Britain, and a coalition of other countries, invaded
526.12 -> Iraq.
527.12 -> Within a month Baghdad was captured, Saddam Hussein was ousted, Iraq created a new government
531.069 -> that was more democratic than Saddam’s dictatorship, and then descended into sectarian chaos.
536.519 -> After Baghdad fell, President Bush declared the end of major combat operations in Iraq,
541.1 -> but troops soon found themselves trying to manage an increasingly organized insurgency
545.58 -> that featured attacks and bombings.
547.459 -> And by 2006 American intelligence analysts concluded that Iraq had become a haven for
552.079 -> Islamist terrorists, which it hadn’t been, before the invasion.
555.459 -> In fact, Saddam Hussein’s socialist government, while it occasionally called upon religion
559.06 -> to unify people against an enemy, was pretty secular.
562.75 -> Although fewer than 200 Americans had died in the initial assaults, by the end of 2006,
566.699 -> more than 3,000 American soldiers had been killed and another 20,000 wounded.
571.01 -> Hundreds of thousands of Iraqis had died in the conflict and the costs of the war which
575.54 -> were promised to be no more than $60 billion had ballooned to $200 billion dollars.
580.46 -> So that, and we try really hard here at Crash Course to be objective was a bit of a disaster.
585.93 -> But let’s now go back to the domestic side of things and jump back in time to the passage
589.379 -> of the USA PATRIOT act.
591.68 -> Which believe it or not is an acronym for the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing
596.709 -> Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism act of 2001.
601.889 -> Oh, Congress you don’t pass many laws these days but when you do… mmhm….
607.019 -> there’s some winners.
608.959 -> The PATRIOT act gave the government unprecedented law enforcement powers to combat domestic
613.089 -> terrorism including the ability to wiretap and spy on Americans.
617.23 -> At least 5000 people connected to the Middle East were called in for questioning and more
621.68 -> than 1200 were arrested, many held for months without any charge.
625.98 -> The administration also set up a camp for accused terrorists in Guantanamo Bay, in Cuba,
630.77 -> but not the fun kind of camp, the prison kind, it housed more than 700 suspects.
635.22 -> The president also authorized the National Security Agency to listen in to telephone
639.509 -> conversations without first obtaining a warrant, the so-called warrantless wiretapping.
644.899 -> In 2013 Americans learned that NSA surveillance has of course gone much farther than this
649.279 -> with surveillance programs like PRISM which sounds like it’s out of an Orwell novel
653.47 -> - I mean both like the name and the actual thing it refers to.
657.12 -> Meredith would like us to point out that Prism is also the name of a Katy Perry album proving
661.689 -> that we here at Crash Course are young and hip and with it.
665.389 -> Who is Katy Perry?
666.74 -> Oh right, she has that song in Madagascar 3.
670.149 -> Sorry, I have little kids.
671.689 -> The Supreme Court eventually limited the executive branch’s power and ruled that enemy combatants
676.279 -> do have some procedural rights.
678.689 -> Congress also banned the use of torture in a 2005 defense appropriations bill sponsored
683.54 -> by Republican John McCain who himself had been a victim of torture in Vietnam.
687.86 -> But the Defense Department did condone the continued use of so-called “enhanced interrogation
692.509 -> techniques” like waterboarding.
694.3 -> Which most countries do consider torture.
696.18 -> But George W Bush won re-election in 2004, defeating the surprisingly weak John Kerry,
701.139 -> who was characterized as a “waffler” on a number of issues including the Iraq war.
705.86 -> Kerry’s history as a Vietnam protester and also terrible windsurfer probably didn’t
710.42 -> help him much.
711.42 -> Bush’s victory is still a bit surprising to historians admittedly at that moment the
715.089 -> Iraq war seemed to be going pretty well.
717.25 -> But during Bush’s first term, the economy, which is usually what really drives voters,
721.33 -> wasn’t that great at all.
722.48 -> A recession began during 2001 and the September 11 attacks made it much worse.
727.17 -> And while the GDP did begin to grow again relatively quickly, employment didn’t recover,
732.779 -> hence all the description of it as a “jobless recovery.”
735.23 -> 90% of the jobs lost in the 2001-2002 recession were in manufacturing, continuing a trend
741.6 -> that we had been seeing for 30 years.
743.49 -> The number of steelworkers dropped from 520,000 in 1970 to 120,000 in 2004.
750.24 -> And in his first term George W Bush actually became the first president since Herbert Hoover
754.41 -> to oversee a net loss of jobs.
756.49 -> Now I want to be clear that that’s not necessarily his fault as I have said many times before
760.709 -> - economics are complicated.
762.699 -> And presidents do not decide whether economies grow.
765.769 -> But at any rate George W Bush was re-elected and went on to have an extremely controversial
769.819 -> second term.
770.819 -> Let’s go to the thoughtbubble.
771.97 -> In 2005 several events undermined the public’s confidence in the Bush administration.
776.579 -> First, Vice President Dick Cheney’s chief of staff was indicted for perjury and then
780.939 -> House Majority Leader Tom “The Hammer” DeLay was indicted for violating campaign
785.16 -> finance laws.
786.199 -> Then in August 2005, Hurricane Katrina slammed into the gulf coast near New Orleans submerging
791.48 -> much of the city, killing nearly 1500 people, and leaving thousands stranded without basic
797.339 -> services.
798.389 -> Disaster preparation and response was poor on the state, local, and federal levels, but
802.999 -> the slow response of the Department of Homeland Security and Federal Emergency Management
807.149 -> Agency was particularly noticeable as thousands of mostly African American New Orleans residents
813.309 -> suffered without food or water.
815.259 -> Damage to the city was estimated at around $80 billion dollars.
818.499 -> And the Katrina disaster exposed the persistent poverty and racial divisions in the city.
823.649 -> While the Katrina response probably contributed to the reversal of fortune for Congressional
827.439 -> Republicans in the 2006 mid-terms, it was more likely the spike in gasoline prices that
832.459 -> resulted from the shutting down of refining capacity in the gulf and increased demand
836.839 -> for oil from rapidly growing China.
839.249 -> Voters gave Democrats majorities in both houses, and Nancy Pelosi of California became the
843.759 -> first woman Speaker of the House in American history.
846.449 -> And then, in 2007, the country fell back into recession as a massive housing bubble began
851.97 -> to deflate, followed by the near collapse of the American banking system in 2008.
857.399 -> Thought Bubble, thank you once again for the tremendous downer.
860.019 -> So, the Bush years are still in the recent past, and it’s impossible to tell just what
864.249 -> their historical significance is without some distance.
867.019 -> But the attacks on September 11 had far ranging effects on American foreign policy but also
872.49 -> on the entire world.
873.769 -> Under the leadership of George W Bush the United States began a global fight against
877.649 -> terrorism and for freedom.
879.47 -> But as always, what we mean by the words is evolving and there’s no question that in
883.49 -> trying to ensure a certain kind of freedom we have undermined other kinds of freedom.
888.209 -> We’ll get to the even messier and murkier world of the 2008 financial collapse next
892.689 -> week.
893.689 -> Until then, thanks for watching.
895.079 -> Crash Course is made with the help of all these nice people and it exists because of
898.76 -> your support through Subbable.com - a voluntary subscription service that allows you to subscribe
904.009 -> monthly to Crash Course for the price of your choosing.
906.49 -> There are great perks over at Subbable, but the biggest perk of all is knowing that you
909.429 -> helped make Crash Course possible so please check it out, thank you for watching, thanks
913.769 -> for supporting Crash Course, and as we say in my hometown, “Don’t forget to be awesome.”

Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nlsnnhn3VWE