The Cold War - OverSimplified (Part 2)

Aug 9, 2023

The Cold War - OverSimplified (Part 2)

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Content

0 -> This video was made possible by Skillshare, an online learning community

3.66 -> where you can learn just about anything.

5.4 -> Support my channel by signing up using the link below,

7.84 -> and get your first two months for free.

10.64 -> For anyone who thinks recent US history has never been crazy as it is right now,

14.36 -> allow me to present to you

15.46 -> the 1960s.

16.56 -> Extreme cultural division,

17.98 -> major political assassinations,

19.62 -> and the closest the world has ever come

21.54 -> to nuclear apocalypse.

22.74 -> Shocked by the CIA's intrusive methods for putting down socialism in Latin America,

26.48 -> a certain Fidel Castro met with a certain Che Guevara in a bar in Mexico City,

30.2 -> and the two of them decided they should grow some awesome beards

32.32 -> and overthrow the Cuban government.

33.78 -> Which is exactly what they did.

35.16 -> Cuba had been America's summer playground,

36.9 -> and America didn't like seeing a communist regime being set up in its own backyard.

40.56 -> So the US immediately began training up Cuban exiles

43.18 -> to invade Cuba and overthrow Castro.

45.02 -> However, as the day of the operation came closer,

47.2 -> Kennedy wanted to conceal any US involvement in the plan.

49.94 -> So he massively scaled back American air support,

52.08 -> and as a result the Bay of Pigs Invasion was a humiliating defeat for America.

56.14 -> But Castro felt there was still an impending US threat to his regime.

59.36 -> Meanwhile in the Soviet Union,

60.9 -> Khrushchev had a lot of medium-range nuclear missiles that couldn't reach America.

64.18 -> But they could if they were positioned, say, on an exotic Caribbean island off the coast of Florida?

68.84 -> - "Hey, I'm a communist who hates America.

70.8 -> You're a communist who hates America.

72.4 -> You know what that means?"

73.52 -> - "We should fall in love!"

75.24 -> - "Uh, I was just going to suggest you set your missiles up in Cuba."

78.14 -> - "Oh, no - no, you're right, that's a better idea.

81.22 -> Be still, my beating heart..."

83 -> On October 14th 1962,

85.06 -> a US spy plane over Cuba noticed something strange.

87.6 -> - "Sir, you need to look at this photograph."

89.34 -> - "You're right! That's the cutest dog I've ever seen!"

91.84 -> - "Sir, I was referring more to the Soviet missiles."

94.38 -> America freaked out as they realized what was going on.

96.72 -> They were completely vulnerable, and they had to act fast.

99.32 -> They knew that airstrikes or an invasion of Cuba would likely mean nuclear war with the Soviet Union,

103.58 -> so Kennedy came up with another idea.

105.36 -> A blockade.

106.16 -> The US navy announced it would stop and search any Soviet ships heading to Cuba.

109.72 -> And would sink any that did not comply.

111.46 -> In response, the Soviet put its military into full combat readiness.

114.78 -> The US did the same, and began drawing up plans for an attack on Cuba.

118.9 -> Things were escalating fast,

120.36 -> and both superpowers were getting ready for World War 3.

122.9 -> Emergency communications between the two sides broke down

125.4 -> as Khrushchev rejected Kennedy's demands for the missiles to be removed.

128.24 -> And for the first time in history,

129.74 -> the US strategic air command moved to DEFCON 2.

132.28 -> DEFCON 1 means nuclear war.

134.4 -> The Soviets shot down a U2 spy plane over Cuba.

136.66 -> A Soviet nuclear submarine in the Caribbean mistakenly believed war had already broken out

140.72 -> and two of the senior officers gave the go-ahead to fire its nuclear torpedo.

144.16 -> Thankfully the third senior officer, this beautiful man,

146.72 -> refused to authorise the decision.

148.38 -> The US finalised its preparations,

150.1 -> and I kid you not, the day before the US were set to decide the day and time for the Cuban invasion,

154.82 -> Khrushchev was like,

155.86 -> - "Hey. You know if you just removed your missiles from Turkey, we'd remove ours from Cuba?"

160.06 -> - "Yeah. Yeah, that sounds good to me."

162.44 -> It was a bit more complicated than that, but at the last second,

165.16 -> the two sides finally came to an agreement.

166.82 -> Soviet missiles were shipped out of Cuba and the world breathed one gigantic sigh of relief.

170.96 -> Except for one guy, who was bloody livid.

173.1 -> - "Phew! Let's hope that's the biggest crisis of my presidency!"

176.02 -> Unfortunately for him, his presidency was to end with one.

179.9 -> Having nearly blown up the planet, a few changes were made.

182.54 -> First, the superpowers agreed to a limited Test Ban Treaty.

185.26 -> Secondly, the Soviets ousted Khrushchev, and replaced him with Leonid Brezhnev.

189.14 -> Who was a kisser.

190.52 -> He liked to kiss.

191.8 -> Both sides were deeply concerned at the prospect of nuclear war,

194.66 -> but still the arms race raged on throughout the 60s and 70s.

198.2 -> US intelligence worked out that the Soviets' nuclear arsenal was

201.06 -> not as powerful as they previously thought,

202.76 -> but in fact it was America that held the advantage.

205.02 -> ABMs and MIRVs were developed.

206.98 -> And the doctrine of MAD.

208.1 -> If both sides knew they would be completely destroyed by a nuclear war,

211.42 -> neither would risk starting one.

213.14 -> But even without war,

214.36 -> the world was already feeling the effects of nuclear weapons.

217.04 -> In 1966,

218.18 -> above the pleasant town of Palomares in Spain,

220.42 -> a US bomber collided with a tanker mid-air,

222.88 -> and four hydrogen bombs fell and landed near the town below.

225.84 -> - "It hasn't exploded so I'm sure everything's fine.

228.28 -> Wooah, boy!

229.08 -> Uhh, hey, I wouldn't eat that if I were you."

231.58 -> - "Okay."

232.22 -> - "What were you going to do today?"

233.64 -> - "Go for a swim?"

234.5 -> - "Yeah. I wouldn't.

237.14 -> Are you breathing right now?"

238.66 -> - "Yeah?"

239.3 -> - "Yeah...

240.48 -> I wouldn't."

241.12 -> It took the Americans two and a half months to find one of the bombs,

244 -> which had gone missing in the ocean.

245.56 -> This was the fourteenth time America had lost a nuclear bomb since 1950.

249.14 -> Nobody knows how many bombs the Soviet Union lost.

251.84 -> So sleep well tonight.

253.52 -> After Kennedy's assassination,

255.18 -> Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson took over.

257.38 -> And he inherited a developing crisis in the east.

259.76 -> Vietnam.

260.6 -> Back in the 50s, the Vietnamese had kicked their French colonisers out once and for all,

264.74 -> and the country was divided into two.

266.56 -> In the North, a communist regime.

268.24 -> And in the South, an anti-communist regime.

270.36 -> Both were led by very sweet-looking old men.

272.44 -> But don't let that deceive you.

273.76 -> They were both ruthless dictators,

275.34 -> and both dreamed of reuniting Vietnam under their own regime.

278.4 -> So the North established the National Liberation Front,

280.56 -> also known as the Vietcong,

282.1 -> to carry out a campaign of guerrilla warfare in the South

284.5 -> with Soviet support.

285.58 -> The US sent advisors to help train the South Vietnamese to deal with the threat,

288.86 -> but President Diem's brutal policies pushed more and more South Vietnamese

292.36 -> to support the Vietcong.

293.6 -> And over the next decade,

294.74 -> the situation escalated to a breaking point.

297.06 -> America feared the Domino Effect.

299.38 -> That is, if South Vietnam fell to communism, would Cambodia be next?

302.52 -> Then Laos? Thailand? Burma? India?

305.28 -> LBJ had to make a choice.

306.86 -> Between losing South Vietnam,

308.46 -> or sending in the troops.

309.74 -> And so in they went.

311.26 -> From 1965, America found itself in a war unlike anything it had ever fought before.

316.8 -> Let's Play: Spot the Vietcong Soldier!

319.38 -> (ticking)

321.1 -> (buzzer)

321.88 -> Did you see him?

322.66 -> Of course not.

323.62 -> That's because millions of young American men

325.66 -> were drafted and sent to fight a ruthless enemy

328.16 -> who used the thick jungle as its shield.

330.58 -> It was nearly impossible to tell where the enemy was,

333.18 -> Or worse, who it was.

334.64 -> And as a result,

335.64 -> the civilian population got caught up in the brutal crossfire.

339.12 -> The city of Saigon found itself under regular attack,

341.8 -> and America launched a bombing campaign in the North during Operation Rolling Thunder.

345.78 -> The Vietcong used the Ho Chi Minh Trail running through Laos and Cambodia

348.96 -> to supply the campaign.

350.2 -> It was a long and brutal war,

351.96 -> and I could never do it justice in this video.

354.16 -> But in terms of the Cold War,

355.48 -> Vietnam was probably the biggest of many, many global conflicts

358.98 -> that signalled a turning point.

360.82 -> Under the threat of nuclear war,

362.58 -> the two superpowers began working to make their relationship more constructive.

366.08 -> And as a result their ideological battle shifted away from the potential of direct conflict,

370.42 -> and more towards attempting to influence smaller proxy wars around the world.

374.02 -> In the Middle East, the Soviet Union provided aid against Israel during the Six-Day War,

378.34 -> and then again when the US backed Israel during the Yom Kippur War.

381.46 -> In Africa, the Angolan Civil War saw US-supported South Africans

384.94 -> fighting Soviet-supported Cubans.

386.4 -> In the conflict between Somalia and Ethiopia,

388.82 -> the superpowers interestingly switched sides as regimes changed.

392.18 -> And the US continued fighting the spread of communism in its own backyard,

395.64 -> funding the famous Contra groups to fight the socialist junta in Nicaragua.

399.24 -> These proxy wars were fierce enough to begin with,

401.88 -> but superpower intervention amplified the destruction,

404.6 -> and created alarming levels of human suffering throughout the Third World.

408.42 -> And in Vietnam, that human suffering was all being broadcast back home

412.1 -> via good old television.

413.44 -> Going into the late 60s,

414.78 -> America was a changing nation.

416.44 -> This became this.

417.94 -> This became this.

419.62 -> And this became this.

421.58 -> The new slogan that was taking route, "Make Love, Not War."

425.02 -> The majority of Americans did not approve of Johnson's handling of the Vietnam War.

428.9 -> And in 1968,

430.16 -> a silent majority elected Law and Order candidate Richard Nixon.

433.34 -> As the Vietnam War appeared to be increasingly unwinnable,

435.88 -> and public opinion turning increasingly sour,

438.4 -> Nixon made the decision to begin bringing the troops home,

441.3 -> and ended US involvement in Vietnam by 1973.

444.58 -> Two years later, the South fell.

447.18 -> The Cold War was now taking its toll on both superpowers.

450.48 -> In Russia, a huge percentage of the budget was still going to the military,

453.94 -> people were still hungry,

455.12 -> and they just didn't have access to the same lifestyle and goods

458.18 -> as the West.

459.1 -> And what did they have to show for it?

460.5 -> They weren't even winning the Space Race anymore.

462.58 -> Both sides needed to reduce spending in order to rescue their economies,

465.7 -> and so both welcomed with open arms an easing of hostilities.

469.02 -> Otherwise known as detente.

470.86 -> To improve relations,

472.18 -> Nixon became the first US President to visit Moscow in 1972.

475.62 -> And Brezhnev returned the favour a year later.

477.7 -> A number of treaties were signed,

479.08 -> including the 1972 SALT agreement,

481.06 -> that limited nuclear weapons.

482.46 -> Relations with China were even improving via Ping-Pong Diplomacy,

485.7 -> when the US table tennis team went on a tour

487.72 -> of the People's Republic.

488.78 -> However, internally, China was still pushing anti-capitalist propaganda,

492.38 -> which led to some mixed messages.

493.84 -> Nixon even visited China in 1972, and it was a barrel of laughs.

520.42 -> (jaunty theme music)

526.02 -> Everything was going great for Nixon.

527.88 -> Until it was uncovered that back home he was being a very naughty boy and violating Constitutional Protocol.

532.32 -> - "I'm announcing today my resignation as President.

534.58 -> And I'm passing the office to my Vice President, Gerald Ford."

537.52 -> - "Wow! You mean in America the people can actually remove their leader when he breaks the law?

541.72 -> Why not just rule by force? Where's the corruption?"

544.14 -> - "And my first act as President is to pardon Nixon!"

546.92 -> - "Ah, there it is."

547.82 -> After the whole fiasco, Americans decided what they really wanted

550.98 -> was just a nice, safe guy who wouldn't cheat on them.

553.5 -> So they elected Jimmy Carter.

554.82 -> And the two sides met in Vienna where they signed yet another Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty.

558.74 -> - "It's an honour, Premier Brezhnev." - "Likewise, President Carter."

561.66 -> (kiss)

562.44 -> - "Please don't do that."

563.42 -> But that's not to say there was no longer any tension between the two sides.

566.56 -> Because there was,

567.5 -> heaps of it.

568.18 -> Once again, the Soviet Union put down further attempts at reform and rebellion in the Eastern Bloc.

572.48 -> The Euromissile Crisis saw new and improved classes of intermediate-range missiles

576.26 -> being deployed in Europe.

577.24 -> In 1979,

578.4 -> the Soviets thought it would be a good idea if they had their own Vietnam

581.16 -> and invaded Afghanistan to prevent a US-sponsored Islamic insurgency.

584.62 -> And in response to these various crises,

586.56 -> Olympic Games were boycotted.

588.36 -> Conservatives were concerned that US policy had become too soft,

591.64 -> and in 1980, they decided they wanted a President who would be tough on communism.

595.44 -> So they elected Ronald Reagan.

597 -> And Reagan came in guns-blazing.

599.16 -> Concerned at the Soviet Union's human rights violations,

601.58 -> he made a speech calling them an "evil empire".

603.82 -> And he also wanted to renew the arms race using technological advances in computing and lasers.

608.36 -> He came up with the Space Defence Initiative, also known as Star Wars.

611.6 -> Which was basically a big, defensive anti-nuke shield around the country.

614.58 -> But a lot of people thought it was a pretty dumb idea.

616.56 -> The Soviet Union proceed the shift in rhetoric,

618.76 -> as the USA getting ready for war.

620.46 -> And they were feeling especially threatened as their relationship with their communist ally, China

624.5 -> had broken down.

625.4 -> Relations took a big hit in 1983,

627.78 -> when the Soviets shot down a Korean airliner that had strayed into their airspace.

631.46 -> And it looked like the world was going right back to mid-20th-century Cold War tension.

635.5 -> But then Brezhnev got really old and died,

637.14 -> and was replaced by this guy who was really old and died,

639.16 -> and was replaced by this guy who was really old and died,

641.32 -> and he was replaced by Mikhail Gorbachev.

643.48 -> Coming into office in 1985, he was the real game-changer.

647.16 -> His philosophy differed a lot from previous Soviet leaders.

650.06 -> He felt that the reason the Soviet system and economy was struggling

653.04 -> was that it didn't allow the Soviet people to find satisfaction in their work.

656.38 -> Because they weren't allowed to speak freely, and lived in fear.

659.1 -> Gorbachev wanted the Soviet people to be happy.

661.26 -> But unlike previous Soviet leaders,

662.98 -> he actually made the change happen.

664.76 -> Within the first couple of years he began the political movement for more openness and transparency.

668.94 -> And the restructure of the Soviet political and economic systems.

671.88 -> And change very quickly took effect.

673.82 -> People could criticise the government, they could enjoy Western pop culture,

676.82 -> the media interviewed Margaret Thatcher,

678.44 -> but most importantly the Soviet people could now enjoy Pizza Hut.

681.6 -> All hail to Gorbachev!

682.94 -> He also knew that the arms race needed to end in order to rescue the Soviet economy,

686.86 -> and a positive relationship with the West must be established.

689.72 -> Constructive dialogue reopened and resulted in the INF Treaty,

692.82 -> which saw all intermediate-range missiles eliminated.

695.6 -> Which was huge.

696.56 -> Reagan's tone towards the Soviet Union began to soften,

699.4 -> and things were looking up.

700.74 -> But what would these reforms mean for the Eastern Bloc?

703.2 -> For decades, the Soviets had been brutally repressing any attempt at change.

706.66 -> Now would they be allowed?

708.22 -> And that was the exact question on Hungary's lips,

710.5 -> when the Prime Minister visited Moscow.

712.32 -> Gorbachev's response,

713.44 -> he didn't necessarily agree with the reforms,

715.5 -> but he wouldn't stop them either.

716.96 -> He was prepared to let the Eastern Bloc

718.86 -> choose its own future.

720.08 -> This was massive.

721.4 -> And the Hungarian leaders began planning free, multi-party elections.

724.74 -> Poland followed suit, and also held elections in June.

727.54 -> The anti-Soviet party, Solidarity, won 99 out of 100 seats in the Senate.

731.54 -> But not just that. In Hungary the barbed-wire border between East and West was removed.

735.68 -> The Iron Curtain was unravelling.

737.72 -> But not all Eastern Bloc leaders were happy.

739.66 -> Notably, East Germany was still ruled by a hardline Stalinist,

743.14 -> Eric Honecker.

744.06 -> And many East Germans were still eager to get out.

746.56 -> They had been trapped by the Berlin Wall, but now they were doing the math.

749.9 -> If they could travel to Hungary, and Hungary's border with the West was loosening,

753.6 -> could they now make it to the West?

755.24 -> That summer, East Germans decided Hungary was the latest top holiday destination.

759.52 -> They travelled there in droves, and using various methods,

762.26 -> tens of thousands crossed the border into Austria and the West.

765.8 -> Honecker was furious, and blocked travel to Hungary.

768.44 -> But that civil liberties train had started rolling and it wasn't stopping.

771.76 -> Thousands more flocked to the West German embassy in Prague,

774.36 -> where they stormed the fence around the embassy gardens,

776.4 -> and a temporary refugee camp was set up.

778.54 -> In September, deals were struck to allow the refugees to travel West via train.

782.4 -> Back in East Germany, the people were running on a civil liberties high,

785.94 -> and they wanted their next hit.

787.38 -> Dissent was growing,

788.56 -> over time, demonstrations turned to mass protests,

791.04 -> with plain-clothed secret police officers doing their best to put down the dissent,

794.4 -> but it had grown well out of their control.

796.18 -> And worse, the biggest demonstration was yet to come.

799.22 -> - "We're gonna put all of this down by force.

801.04 -> Right guys?

802.58 -> Guys?"

803.08 -> Unfortunately, everyone had realised what he had not.

806.2 -> This was bigger than them.

807.38 -> And the entire East German Politburo

809.5 -> voted him out of power.

810.62 -> On November 4th, over half a million East Germans took to the streets of East Berlin,

814.46 -> for many, there was still one big target left in their sights.

818.22 -> That damn wall.

819.54 -> The pressure on the East German government was too great,

821.9 -> and on November 9th,

823.02 -> they made a bit of a chaotic announcement that the travel ban between East and West was being lifted.

827.54 -> The change wasn't meant to take effect until the next day.

830.06 -> And crossing guards still had orders to shoot on sight any who tried to cross.

833.44 -> But that night, huge crowds gathered at the crossing points,

836.3 -> and the guards were overwhelmed.

837.98 -> In an astronomically historic moment,

840.12 -> after decades of family separation and travel restriction,

843.2 -> the people were allowed to pass through.

846.06 -> East and West Berliners couldn't believe it,

848.84 -> and celebrated together throughout the night.

850.9 -> Some even climbed the wall,

852.62 -> and began to topple it.

854 -> The Iron Curtain had fallen.

855.32 -> And a year later, Germany would be reunited.

858.2 -> Elections in Bulgaria, a peaceful revolution in Czechoslovakia,

861.36 -> and a violent one in Romania,

862.64 -> brought to an end communist authority in the Eastern Bloc.

865.28 -> America decided it would be best if it just stayed away and let the change happen,

869.06 -> as the anti-communist movement continued all the way back to Moscow.

872.24 -> Gorbachev had given the people the freedom to demonstrate.

874.76 -> Now, they demonstrated for an end to the communist single-party rule.

878.24 -> And Gorbachev had to give in.

879.8 -> For the first time in history,

881.04 -> elections were held in which candidates not officially endorsed by the party were allowed to run.

885.14 -> Ambitious rival of Gorbachev,

886.96 -> Boris Yeltsin led a growing democratic movement.

889.4 -> Now things here get quite confusing.

891.16 -> The dissolution of the Soviet Union is a complicated topic.

894.2 -> So believe me, this is OverSimplified.

896.18 -> But it went a little bit like this.

897.66 -> The Soviet Union was made up of a number of smaller Soviet republics,

900.92 -> the largest of which was Russia.

902.66 -> Yeltsin got himself elected the President of Russia,

904.94 -> and began a struggle for sovereignty against Gorbachev and the Soviet Union.

908.76 -> Communist hardliners were horrified at what Gorbachev was allowing,

911.88 -> so they briefly kidnapped him,

913.12 -> and tried to set up their own emergency government.

915.34 -> But Yeltsin and his supporters all gathered around the White House in Moscow and were like,

918.76 -> - "No. We have a tank."

920.2 -> So the hardliners had to concede, and released Gorbachev.

922.86 -> - "Wow. Thanks Boris, that was a close one."

925.1 -> - "No problem. And thanks to you for all the great freedom you've given us."

927.9 -> - "Anytime, pal!"

929.08 -> - "And just to inform you.

930.12 -> I've used that freedom you've given us to go behind your back and make a deal with

933.06 -> Ukraine and Belarus to dissolve the Soviet Union

935.16 -> and set up the Russian Federation.

936.44 -> In other words,

937.28 -> You're no longer in charge, I am."

940.96 -> - "Dude.

942.7 -> So uncool."

944.02 -> And so decades of tension and the everlasting threat of nuclear war finally came to an end,

948.4 -> as democratic governments were established in many of the old Soviet republics.

951.76 -> And the world got along together,

953.3 -> forever after.

954.42 -> Right guys?

955.38 -> (dramatic music)

958.6 -> - "Hey, this modern art thing is growing on me.

960.84 -> Where can I learn to do that?"

962.5 -> Skillshare!

963.38 -> Skillshare is an online learning community with classes in design,

966.4 -> technology, business and more.

968.56 -> Learn how to code your own games and apps,

970.34 -> learn a musical instrument,

971.72 -> learn how to animate videos like mine,

973.46 -> learn Japanese.

974.72 -> Premium membership gives you unlimited access to all of these classes and more.

978.46 -> And better yet, everything is taught by genuine experts working in their field.

982.02 -> Skillshare is also more affordable than other learning platforms.

985.04 -> With an annual subscription being less than $10 a month.

987.8 -> What's that? You wish you had an exclusive deal just for OverSimplified viewers?

991.34 -> Well wish no more, my friend!

992.9 -> The first 500 people to use this link

995 -> which can be found in the description below

996.78 -> will get their first two months for absolutely free!

999.38 -> Plus you'll be supporting my channel,

1001.08 -> and keeping these videos coming.

1002.48 -> So be sure to use the link in the description box below,

1005.2 -> and learn something new today.

Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OIYy32RuHao