The History Of Baghdad: The Medieval World's Greatest City
The History Of Baghdad: The Medieval World's Greatest City
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Baghdad is home to 7 million people. This sprawling urban jungle is the second largest city in the Arab world after Cairo. But between the skyscrapers and honking cars you can see remains of this city’s magnificent mediaeval past. This once Round City’s walls crumbled long ago. But a thousand years ago brilliant scientists, architects, writers, and merchants of different races and religions made massive contributions to the knowledge of humanity. Back when Paris and London were home to 20,000 people over 1 Million Baghdadi’s lived here among canals, libraries, and palm trees.
So what is the history of Baghdad, what’s a House of Wisdom, and what does it all have to do with Mediaeval Robots trying to get people drunk?
This video was researched and written by Deborah Oliveira.
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Who Are The Sami People? | • Who Are The Sami?
What Is Islam? | • Islam Explained
Who Are The Māori People Of New Zealand? | • Who Are The Māori People Of New Zealand?
What Is Taoism? | • Taoism Explained
What Is A Cult? • How To Spot A Cult
History Of Tea | • The History Of Tea
What Was The Indus Valley Civilisation? | • What Was The Indus Valley/Harappan Ci…
What Is Judaism | • Judaism Explained
Who Are The San Bushmen? | • Who Are The San Bushmen? | The World’…
What Is Zoroastrianism? | • Zoroastrianism Explained
What Is Hinduism? • Hinduism Explained
What Is Sikhism? • Sikhism Explained
Sources and Further Reading:
VIDEOS
Crash Course: • The Medieval Islamicate World: Crash …
Al Muqaddimah playlist: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLw…
Penn Museum: • City in the Islamic World: Theory, Pl…
Al Jazeera: • Science in a Golden Age - Pioneers of… and • Science in a Golden Age - Al-Khwarizm…
from BBC: • วิดีโอ
PODCASTS
Every single episode from the Abbasid History Podcast https://abbasidhistorypodcast.libsyn.com
Also follow them on Twitter https://twitter.com/abbasidhistory
BOOKS
The Caliph’s Splendor by Benson Bobrick
Baghdad: An Urban History through the Lens of Literature by Iman Al-Attar
The House of Wisdom by Jim al-Khalili
The Silk Roads by Peter Frankopan
When Baghdad Ruled the Muslim World by Hugh Kennedy
OTHER SOURCES
1001 Nights: https://www.gutenberg.org/files/34206…
The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices: https://archive.org/details/cover_202…
https://www.1001inventions.com
https://muslimheritage.com/overview-o…
https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/6…
https://www.epoch-magazine.com/post/t…
https://www.researchgate.net/publicat…
https://www.iranicaonline.org/article…
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of…
https://www.muslimheritage.com/upload…
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Khay…
https://www.medievalists.net/2019/04/…
https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchi…
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrole…
https://books.google.pt/books?id=fNZB…
https://everything.explained.today/Ab…
https://books.google.pt/books?id=FXA7…
https://web.archive.org/web/201703211…
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti…
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhamma…
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of…
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Biruni
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhamma…
https://archive.org/details/cover_202…
Music by Epidemic Sound: https://epidemicsound.com/creator
Video/Images provided by Getty Images and Archive.org
Maps provided by maptiler/Geolayers
#History #Baghdad #Animation #AncientHistory
Content
0.719 -> this video was sponsored by
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9.28 -> this is baghdad home to seven million
12.719 -> people this sprawling urban jungle is
15.36 -> the second largest city in the arab
17.6 -> world after cairo
19.439 -> but between the skyscrapers and honking
21.76 -> cars you can see the remains of this
24.4 -> city's magnificent medieval past
27.439 -> this once round city's walls crumbled
30.32 -> long ago but it was here a thousand
33.04 -> years ago that brilliant scientists
35.52 -> architects writers and merchants of
37.76 -> different races and religions made
40.079 -> massive contributions to the knowledge
42.16 -> of humanity back when paris and london
45.12 -> were home to just 20 000 people over 1
48.8 -> million baghdadis lived here among
51.6 -> canals libraries and palm trees
54.559 -> so what is the history of baghdad what's
57.28 -> a house of wisdom and what does it have
60 -> to do with medieval robots trying to get
62.64 -> everyone drunk
64.4 -> well let's find out
67.1 -> [Music]
75.36 -> so it's 632 ce and the prophet muhammad
78.32 -> has just died and he left behind a
81.119 -> religion called islam that was adopted
83.04 -> by his people the arabs
86.159 -> do you know what i was thinking do you
87.439 -> know what we should do conquer
89.119 -> everything oh our god i was thinking the
91.759 -> same thing
93.04 -> and well
94.159 -> they did this is 11
96.88 -> million 100 000 square kilometers of
101.04 -> land spanning tree continents
104.399 -> it's been like 90 years since muhammad
107.36 -> died
108.24 -> how do you do this ancient red bull
111.439 -> is it just me or was that easier than
113.68 -> you thought was going to be
115.439 -> yeah
116.32 -> this expansion happened under the
118 -> rashidun and then the umayyad caliphates
120.88 -> their rulers were caliphs or successors
123.84 -> and the umayyad caliphate was based here
126 -> in damascus syria but the umayyads had
128.959 -> some
129.84 -> internal issues their caliphate excluded
133.599 -> non-arabs from positions of power even
136.16 -> if they were muslim millions of
138.239 -> christians jews and non-arab muslims
140.959 -> like iranians egyptians and berbers
143.52 -> living in the massive empire's recently
146 -> conquered lands were not huge fans of
149.04 -> this policy spot in this weakness abu
152.319 -> al-abbas with huge support from iranians
155.2 -> destroyed the umayyad armies wiped out
158.239 -> the dynasty and founded the abbasid
160.239 -> caliphate in its place in 750 ce
163.599 -> the new abbasid caliphate needed a
165.599 -> capital away from arabia and syria and
168.319 -> closer to where its power base was iran
172 -> the second abbasid caliph al mansour
174.72 -> located a strategic spot in mesopotamia
177.12 -> that already had a small market town
179.12 -> called suk baghdad
181.36 -> this town was ancient it was even
184.08 -> mentioned in documents from king
185.92 -> hammurabi's time around
188.599 -> 1750 bce geographically it was perfect
193.28 -> right in the middle of the trade routes
195.04 -> between the persian gulf armenia egypt
198.4 -> syria china and the byzantine empire
201.04 -> plus it was right between the tigris and
203.519 -> euphrates rivers
205.44 -> founded in 762 ce the city went by a few
209.68 -> names like mandinat al-salam the city of
212.56 -> peace
213.44 -> but it seems like the old market town's
215.36 -> name baghdad stuck
217.44 -> al-mansur had the city built in a
219.76 -> perfect circle around 2.7 kilometers in
223.28 -> diameter protected by tree concentric
226.08 -> brick walls and a fancy moat
230.239 -> the city had four massive gates from
233.2 -> which came four roads
235.36 -> each gate was named for the city it
237.36 -> faced damascus basra kufa and kurasan
242.08 -> these connected baghdad to the world but
244.48 -> made it clear that this city was the
246.48 -> symbolic center of a new world
251.439 -> behind each gate were tree arcades lined
254.239 -> with markets acting like the arteries of
256.72 -> the city between these main streets were
259.12 -> the residential neighborhoods
261.6 -> at the core of the city was a huge open
264.88 -> green space there you could find the
267.28 -> caliph's palace of the golden gate
269.68 -> topped with a giant green dome with the
272.88 -> central mosque by its side the city was
275.44 -> surrounded by a network of canals
277.6 -> creating fertile land for agriculture
281.36 -> the city had thousands of fountains and
283.68 -> public baths open to everyone people
286.479 -> would walk near the streams spread out
288.56 -> on the grass and collect fruit and
290.479 -> flowers from the stunning gardens across
292.8 -> the city in its large parks you could
295.12 -> see horse racing and polo or if you want
297.919 -> to do you could visit the zoo displaying
300.639 -> lions elephants giraffes and all sorts
303.28 -> of wild animals on the canals dotto with
306.08 -> palm trees you could see thousands of
307.919 -> gondolas dancing like sunbeams on the
310.24 -> water carrying the inhabitants of the
312.24 -> city from one part of baghdad to the
314.32 -> other and according to legend the city
316.639 -> had no mosquitoes which is very
318.72 -> important because one mosquitoes are
320.88 -> pure evil and two malaria not fun
326.16 -> while a round city looks cool it only
328.8 -> lasted for about 70 years you see his
332.08 -> palace in the center were supposed to
333.919 -> protect the caliph because there were
335.759 -> hundreds of thousands of peasants
337.36 -> between the caliph and whoever wanted to
339.28 -> kill him it was like a great wall
342.4 -> of peasants
344.32 -> which is a great idea until you realize
346.72 -> that that also meant once enemy troops
349.28 -> took over the city there was no way for
351.28 -> the caliph to escape the great wall of
353.44 -> peasants is kind of sneaky that way
356 -> the increasingly busy and chaotic
358 -> markets inside the walls seemed like a
360.72 -> security risk so the caliph al mansour
363.84 -> moved them outside the walls where
366.24 -> suburbs were already growing rapidly
369.36 -> the round city was swallowed up by the
371.6 -> triven suburbs and soon vanished now the
375.12 -> whole area was bagged at
377.84 -> the bricks of the round city's walls
379.6 -> were used to build this new growing
381.84 -> baghdad and it became this
384.12 -> cosmopolitan trading hub lincoln the
387.12 -> east and the west
389.039 -> their ships traded as far as the baltic
391.28 -> to madagascar to china first from russia
394.639 -> african gold indonesian spices indian
397.68 -> steel silks from china you could find
400.639 -> all of it in baghdad
402.639 -> they traded so widely that this bronze
405.44 -> cross with an arabic inscription that
407.039 -> says bismillah which means in the name
409.44 -> of god was discovered in a bog in
412.24 -> ireland which is
414.24 -> a fair bit away from baghdad
416.639 -> between the years 900 and 1000 of the
419.36 -> common era the city reached one million
422.56 -> inhabitants making it the world's
425.039 -> largest city truly the metropolis of its
428.96 -> time
429.919 -> and baghdad peaked under the rule of its
432.4 -> most famous caliph harun al-rasheed
436.479 -> haroon was the son of the third caliph
438.96 -> al-mahdi by one of his wives al-khazuran
441.919 -> who is a fascinating woman by the way
444.639 -> al-khazuran was a slave given to ahmadi
447.759 -> by his father at the time many of the
450.319 -> concubines of nobles were well educated
453.12 -> some learned writing poetry music dance
456.639 -> history philosophy and science
459.28 -> almady fell madly in love with hazuran
462.56 -> she convinced him not only to free her
465.039 -> from slavery but also to make her his
468 -> official wife and she used this to build
471.36 -> considerable power
473.36 -> she sat with her husband a cart which
475.52 -> was unusual at the time and met with his
477.599 -> ministers behind the scenes she
479.68 -> discussed state business with generals
481.36 -> and foreign diplomats and managed the
483.599 -> empire's administration
485.52 -> she made sure her sons musa al hadi and
488.639 -> harun al-rashid were placed ahead of the
491.28 -> caleb's other sons as heirs to the
493.759 -> empire she used her wealth to fund canal
496.479 -> building in baghdad and it is said that
498.4 -> a quarter of the city was named after
500.56 -> her
501.52 -> she built welds and shade giving trees
503.84 -> along pilgrimage roads to mecca and on
506.16 -> one of her own pilgrimages she bought
508.16 -> the house in which the prophet muhammad
509.84 -> was born and turned it into a mosque you
512.24 -> can still go see it today but it's a
514.24 -> library now
515.68 -> al-mahdi died suddenly in 785 ce which
519.599 -> threw the empire into chaos but hazuran
523.12 -> took control of the situation and
525.04 -> secured a smooth transition of power to
527.519 -> her older son musa al-hadi she stopped a
530.72 -> military rebellion and had all of the
533.519 -> military officers and court officials
535.839 -> swear allegiance to her son who wasn't
538.72 -> even in baghdad yet and how does al-hari
542.56 -> repay his mother he gets jealous of her
545.2 -> power tries to push her out of political
548 -> life publicly humiliates her several
550.64 -> times and some sources say he even tried
553.6 -> to have his own mother poisoned
556.88 -> after a year of ruling at 24 years old
560.56 -> al hadi died
562.48 -> of poisoning
564 -> so be nice to your mother
566.72 -> the new caliph harun al-rasheed adored
569.68 -> his mother when hazuran died in november
572.16 -> of 789 haroon helped carry her body
575.36 -> barefoot through the mud on a rainy day
578.32 -> as a sign of respect for the woman
580.56 -> behind the reign of tree caliphs
583.519 -> during his reign haroon fought off
585.68 -> invasions and rebellions to maintain his
588.08 -> empire that spanned from india to north
590.24 -> africa he forced the byzantine empire to
592.88 -> pay him tribute and during his reign
595.36 -> welt poured into baghdad
598 -> he was helped by the fact that the
599.6 -> abbasid military made a lot of
601.839 -> improvements on the battlefield from
604.079 -> little things like adopting the stirrups
606.399 -> in cavalry which attached a rider to the
608.56 -> horse to the use of nafta a refined
611.68 -> version of petroleum used in fire based
614.88 -> warfare they developed these fire
617.12 -> grenades called the nafta shields to
619.12 -> throw at the enemy and the section of
621.36 -> the abbasid army were called nafta
623.68 -> firemen archers that specialize in flame
626.72 -> and arrows who very wisely wore
629.36 -> fireproof suits that let them rush into
632 -> the cities and castles that they had
633.6 -> just set on fire they also had a camel
636.399 -> based ambulance car this line is just in
639.279 -> here because i liked it they're camels
641.76 -> the dilemmas of the desert the abbasids
644.399 -> oversaw a global network of merchants
647.04 -> spies and diplomats stretching from
649.44 -> france to china harun al-rashid once
652.399 -> sent gifts to the holy roman emperor
654.64 -> charlemagne these gifts included silks
657.36 -> spices books and abul abbas who was an
661.6 -> elephant
662.72 -> getting the elephant to france was
664.8 -> probably pretty difficult but once it
666.88 -> arrived charlemagne was obsessed
670.959 -> legend says he took abul abbas to
672.959 -> battlefields and on travels and when
675.279 -> charlemagne died his remains were
677.44 -> wrapped in a silk with an elephant print
679.92 -> which is just adorable
682.32 -> haroon and charlemagne sent each other a
684.8 -> lot of gifts and bonded over their
686.8 -> shared hatred of the byzantine empire
689.6 -> harun actually wrote a fairly sassy
691.839 -> letter to the byzantine emperor that i
694.079 -> love it says the least of the
696.64 -> territories ruled by the least of my
698.959 -> subjects provides a revenue larger than
701.68 -> your whole dominion
704.16 -> heron was a great patron of the arts
706.88 -> under his rule baghdad was full of
708.959 -> artists scholars and poets from three
711.76 -> continents
712.88 -> this is how harun al-rasheed ended up in
715.68 -> one of the greatest pieces of literature
717.839 -> of all time aflayla
720.72 -> or the 1001 knights or arabian knights
724.399 -> the 1000 one night is a collection of
726.639 -> folk stories the story of its origin
729.44 -> said that an iranian king called shah
731.519 -> rayar marries a woman and then she
733.92 -> cheats on him and so he murders her he
736.56 -> marries many many many many more times
739.44 -> but he has trust issues now and so he
741.44 -> kills every single one of his new brides
745.12 -> side note therapy did not exist yet he
748.399 -> then marries a woman called shahrazad on
750.8 -> the first night after their marriage she
752.88 -> tells him a story that ends in a
754.639 -> cliffhanger that she will only finish
756.8 -> the next day she does this for a
759.76 -> thousand nights and a night the stories
762.56 -> interest king shariah so much that he
765.44 -> doesn't kill her and they also make him
767.6 -> wiser less murdery and make him fall
770.639 -> deeply in love with shahrazad and they
773.279 -> live happily ever after she was fine
776.88 -> with all of the previous murder
778.72 -> apparently
780 -> because shahrazad told so many tales it
782.56 -> was easy for anyone to add or subtract
785.12 -> stories to the collection aladdin simbad
788.079 -> the sailor and alibaba and the forty
790.24 -> thieves are all tales from this book
792.16 -> that were added at a later point some of
794.72 -> the major protagonists of 1001 knights
797.68 -> are haroon al-rasheed and his vizier
800.079 -> jafar yeah this is the jafar that
802.639 -> inspired the disney villain the real
804.56 -> jafar actually came from a powerful
806.639 -> family called the barmakids who were
808.8 -> originally buddhist from afghanistan
811.2 -> jafar convinced haroon to open the first
814 -> paper making houses in baghdad as the
816.48 -> arabs had just learned how to make paper
818.16 -> from the chinese and paper was much more
820.56 -> efficient as it was cheaper and easier
822.639 -> to make than parchment made from animal
824.72 -> skin and don't even get me started on
827.36 -> papyrus
828.88 -> paper combined with baghdad's many
830.88 -> different people cultures and languages
833.04 -> created an intellectual revolution
836 -> arabic was the language of the empire
837.68 -> but scholars in baghdad became experts
839.92 -> in translation in baghdad you could find
842.32 -> people reading the words of aristotle or
844.32 -> the buddha all the way to the hindu
846.16 -> vedas and zoroaster jews manichaeans
849.36 -> christians zoroastrians buddhists and
851.36 -> hindus met and exchanged ideas one
854.56 -> result of this exchange was arabic
856.8 -> numerals the ones that we used today
859.279 -> including the revolutionary number zero
862.72 -> these originated in india were improved
865.12 -> on by scholars in baghdad and then
866.8 -> spread from the middle east to europe
869.279 -> baghdad was a crossroads of knowledge
871.68 -> filled with schools and libraries the
873.76 -> most important of which was the house of
876.24 -> wisdom
877.279 -> we don't know much about it but it looks
878.959 -> like this was a combined library academy
881.44 -> and research institute that welcomes
883.839 -> scholars from around the world to
885.519 -> translate preserve and debate their
887.92 -> works
888.88 -> on the haroon sun the caliph alma moon
891.519 -> the house of wisdom became the world's
893.68 -> largest library and the most important
896.24 -> storage site of knowledge since the
898 -> library of alexandria with books in
900.24 -> arabic greek latin persian syriac
903.04 -> chinese and sanskrit many ancient greek
905.519 -> texts only survived due to arabic
907.44 -> translations of them which made their
909.199 -> way into europe during the renaissance
911.6 -> greek philosophy influenced the middle
913.279 -> east so heavily that the arabic word for
915.76 -> philosophy is just falstafa which is
917.76 -> just philosophy said differently here
920.48 -> you can see an arabic painting of
922.24 -> socrates or in arabic socrat teaching
925.12 -> his students
926.8 -> caliph alma moon paid scholars to travel
929.279 -> abroad and bring back books
931.36 -> once those books got to baghdad they
933.36 -> were copied translated and sent to other
935.839 -> scholars across the empire after wars
938.32 -> ma'moon would actually demand books when
940.48 -> negotiating peace trees he became so
943.36 -> obsessed with collecting genius he
945.6 -> apparently offered the byzantine emperor
947.68 -> 2 000 pounds of gold for a mathematician
951.199 -> called leo living in constantinople they
954.24 -> refused the offer if leo had moved to
956.88 -> baghdad though he would have had quite
958.88 -> the life
959.92 -> one scholar then historian christian
961.839 -> hunyan ibn ashak lived in a mansion and
964.72 -> received the massage and manicure daily
967.839 -> one scholar said about baghdad nowhere
970.399 -> in the world have i seen better
972.32 -> financial arrangements to assist a
974.399 -> scholar this thirst for knowledge
976.72 -> sparked the islamic golden age just a
979.839 -> quick note about this name it's called
981.6 -> the islamic golden age but many
984 -> zoroastrians christians and jews
986 -> contributed the golden age included
988.079 -> people from central asia to iberia it
990.24 -> was so successful because the caliphs
992.48 -> built a multicultural empire obsessed
994.959 -> with learning some scholars have
996.8 -> actually suggested using the name arabic
998.8 -> golden age because the main language was
1000.88 -> arabic but it's still being debated the
1003.44 -> house of wisdom brought together
1005.279 -> different scientific traditions from
1006.88 -> around the world and they saw the
1008.8 -> differences between iranian indian and
1011.199 -> greek texts which meant they couldn't
1013.519 -> all be right so these scholars didn't
1015.839 -> just copy and translate books they
1018.079 -> tested them they commented on them and
1020 -> they developed new ideas around them
1022.399 -> like algebra invented by al-khwarizmi he
1025.439 -> combined indian and greek mathematical
1027.679 -> ideas and made something new mathematics
1030.72 -> without numbers like when you calculate
1032.959 -> with x and y this completely
1035.76 -> revolutionized science and made me fail
1038.959 -> math class
1040.16 -> it's only thanks to kharizmi that we can
1042.319 -> use algorithms for example the word
1045.12 -> algorithm is just a mangled latinized
1047.839 -> version of al-khwarizmi's name from
1050.08 -> al-qurismi to algorithms to algorithm
1054.16 -> baghdad led the world in cartography and
1056.799 -> astronomy
1058.16 -> scholars in baghdad upgraded the
1060 -> astrolabe a device that measures the
1062.72 -> incline of an object and can help
1064.64 -> navigate over sea and land an experiment
1067.6 -> funded by calif mahmoud which included
1069.6 -> an astronomer called al fargani
1071.44 -> calculated the circumference of the
1073.28 -> earth to be about 38 000 kilometers
1076.24 -> which is about four percent off the real
1078.4 -> number some italian guy called
1080.64 -> christopher columbus actually used al
1082.799 -> fergani's calculations for a voyage that
1085.12 -> he was planning but he converted the
1086.96 -> arabic miles incorrectly and thought the
1088.88 -> earth was about half the size it
1090.559 -> actually was he got very lucky that he
1092.64 -> crashed into a continent calif mamoon
1095.44 -> funded the construction of the world's
1097.2 -> first scientific observatory in baghdad
1099.52 -> and scholars there became experts in the
1101.84 -> stars
1102.88 -> that's why there are so many stars with
1105.12 -> arabic names the big dipper's seven
1107.679 -> stars all have arabic names over time
1110.96 -> some star names have been latinized but
1113.12 -> most of these stars got their names more
1115.2 -> than a thousand years ago
1117.36 -> alchemy alkali alcohol algebra algorithm
1120.4 -> are all arabic names
1122.64 -> they also developed distillation a way
1125.039 -> of separating liquids through
1126.48 -> differences in their boiling points this
1128.72 -> meant that they could make some really
1130.4 -> strong alcohol which wasn't banned in
1132.96 -> islam yet but actually the main
1134.559 -> application of distillation was to
1136.32 -> produce scents distilled rose water for
1139.12 -> example was used as perfume especially
1141.28 -> beard perfume but was also added to
1143.12 -> cosmetics foods and drinks
1145.919 -> they also popularized hard soap and had
1149.2 -> massive soap factories
1151.919 -> as a person has to get on packed trains
1154.559 -> regularly i am extremely grateful for
1157.2 -> this
1158.88 -> hmm is that rose water they perfected
1161.76 -> the distillation of crude oil into
1163.679 -> kerosene for lamps a process without
1166.08 -> which we wouldn't have gasoline asphalt
1168.16 -> or plastic we have reports from the
1170.559 -> early 13th century of muslims paving
1173.12 -> their streets with asphalt something
1175.28 -> that wouldn't be seen anywhere else till
1177.36 -> paris paved their streets and asphalt in
1179.2 -> 1838
1181.52 -> in 805 ce the first general hospital
1184.4 -> opened in baghdad soon there were 30
1186.799 -> more throughout the empire some
1188.559 -> developments included separating warns
1190.48 -> by disease having in-hospital pharmacies
1193.36 -> and keeping patient medical records they
1195.84 -> even had psychiatric wards this was
1198.4 -> revolutionary in a time when the
1200.24 -> mentally ill were taught to be possessed
1202.08 -> by demons in many parts of the world
1204.72 -> these were the first modern hospitals
1206.88 -> where doctors followed the code of
1208.559 -> obligation towards their patients
1210.64 -> regardless of their wealth religion or
1212.88 -> background
1214 -> all doctors had to pass examinations in
1216.08 -> order to practice these were the first
1218.4 -> medical diplomas they also invented
1221.2 -> peer-reviewed studies clinical trials
1223.36 -> and testing medicine on animals before
1225.52 -> humans these doctors invented hundreds
1228.24 -> of surgical instruments and new
1229.6 -> techniques for example cataracts is a
1232.559 -> condition that clouds the lenses of the
1234.72 -> eye and it ruined many lives in the
1237.919 -> ancient world but we have descriptions
1240.24 -> from the 10th century islamic world of a
1242.32 -> procedure that involves sucking the
1244.24 -> cataracts out of the eye through a
1246.159 -> syringe a procedure similar to what
1248.559 -> modern medicine used up until laser
1250.72 -> surgery took over in the late 20th
1252.64 -> century
1253.919 -> they also had these devices that foreign
1256.48 -> historians called automata but i'm no
1259.28 -> historian their rules don't bind me
1261.44 -> these are robots super cool medieval
1264.48 -> robots some of these automated machines
1267.039 -> are described in an amazingly titled
1269.12 -> book called the book of knowledge of
1271.12 -> ingenious mechanical devices
1273.44 -> some devices described are an automatic
1275.6 -> water and soap dispenser a giant
1277.84 -> elephant clock a boat with a full robot
1280.559 -> band and a programmable flute that plays
1283.76 -> itself which seems to be humanity's
1286.32 -> first programmable machine they also
1288.88 -> describe a very elaborate way of playing
1292.24 -> spin the bottle this multi-story robot
1295.28 -> was a whole party in itself it was
1298 -> placed in the middle of a room the first
1300.4 -> floor had a girl pouring wine the second
1302.88 -> floor provided the music with four women
1305.039 -> playing instruments the third floor was
1307.52 -> the entertainment a male dancer and at
1310.08 -> the top was a horseman carrying a lance
1312.96 -> he would spin round and round and every
1315.679 -> 20 minutes the horseman would stop the
1317.919 -> lucky person that ended up in front of
1319.76 -> the lance would drink the whole liter of
1322.799 -> wine that the first robot girl was
1324.96 -> pouring this just sounds like a really
1327.039 -> fun party to me
1328.96 -> this golden age tried for a couple of
1331.6 -> centuries but in 1258 ce the mongol
1335.28 -> leader huligo grandson of genghis khan
1338.48 -> conquered the city they burned it down
1341.2 -> destroyed the house of wisdom massacred
1344 -> the population and killed the caliph
1347.28 -> legends say that the tigris river ran
1349.84 -> red with the blood of the city's
1351.52 -> citizens and then afterwards it ran
1354.4 -> black with the ink of its libraries the
1357.039 -> fall of baghdad to the mongols ended the
1359.28 -> abbasid caliphate but baghdad as a city
1361.679 -> still attracted scholars well into the
1363.679 -> 15 and 1600s it never completely
1366.24 -> vanished and so the city stand-in today
1368.799 -> has been occupied since at least the
1371.039 -> times of hammurabi today little of what
1373.36 -> the ambassadors built remains one of the
1375.6 -> few survivors is the great mosque of
1377.44 -> samara which gives us a glimpse of what
1379.679 -> they were capable of
1381.28 -> baghdad and most of iraq would go on to
1383.28 -> be conquered by the ottomans and then
1384.799 -> colonized by the british empire the city
1386.88 -> was chosen to be the capital of the
1388.32 -> republic of iraq in 1958 terrorism and a
1391.6 -> decade-long occupation by the united
1393.6 -> states military have destroyed much of
1395.919 -> the city but today in a recovering
1398.32 -> baghdad you can still walk down mountain
1400.799 -> abbey street a thousand-year-old street
1403.28 -> dedicated to booksellers and readers and
1405.679 -> take part in baghdad's ancient obsession
1408.559 -> with sharing knowledge
1412.32 -> sharing knowledge is so important that
1413.919 -> kagito and a bunch of our career friends
1415.84 -> got together and made nebula a streamy
1418.24 -> nominated video streaming service where
1420.159 -> you can watch some of the best
1421.36 -> educational content ad free uncensored
1424 -> and earlier than on youtube and now
1425.84 -> we've partnered with curiositystream if
1427.679 -> you are a nebulous subscriber then you
1429.2 -> could have watched this video ad free
1431.2 -> days before it was on youtube on nebula
1433.6 -> videos don't have to compete to succeed
1435.2 -> in an algorithm that pushes clickbait
1437.2 -> and cheap content instead creators can
1439.76 -> focus on producing high quality
1441.44 -> educational and entertaining videos real
1444.159 -> life lore has a whole exclusive series
1446.48 -> on nebula called modern conflicts a
1448.799 -> well-produced deep dive in the conflicts
1451.12 -> that have shaped our world or you could
1452.96 -> enjoy the exclusive behind the scenes
1455.039 -> documentary on how philosophy tube is
1456.88 -> made or even take a look at real
1458.88 -> engineering's incredibly well made
1460.72 -> documentary series battle of britain
1462.72 -> seriously look at this thing it just it
1464.08 -> looks it looks so good you can't watch
1466.48 -> any of this stuff on youtube and they're
1468.4 -> only possible thanks to nebula there are
1470.799 -> many many more nebulae original videos
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1475.679 -> for people like you people that enjoy
1477.679 -> original independent and smart content
1480.48 -> and now we've teamed up with curiosity
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1483.84 -> world-class documentaries online we've
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1489.279 -> subscription to curiositystream you'll
1491.039 -> get access to nebula 2 for free and
1493.279 -> that's not trial or anything like that
1495.279 -> as long as you're a curiosity member
1497.36 -> you'll get nebula curiosity stream has
1499.919 -> thousands of documentaries and i
1502 -> especially enjoy the nature ones i
1504 -> recently watched one called hidden
1505.52 -> germany which was objectively amazing
1508.24 -> simply because it contained this shot of
1510 -> a mouse stealing his body weight in
1512.4 -> cheese right now curiosity stream is
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1534.08 -> let me know what you thought in the
1535.2 -> comments down below and what else would
1536.799 -> you like us to cover in the future you
1538.32 -> can find all the sources used in the
1540 -> description and if you're interested in
1541.36 -> supporting the channel you become a
1542.64 -> channel member or you follow the links
1544.4 -> in the description to go to our patreon
1546.159 -> or our t-shirt store our patrons also
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1550.24 -> thank you so much for watching and ma'am
Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ovbkDxYWhpY