American Revolutionary War - Summary on a Map
American Revolutionary War - Summary on a Map
In this video, let’s retrace on maps the American Revolutionary War, since the end of the Seven Years’ War until the recognition of the US. Independence by Great Britain.
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Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/geohistory
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English translation \u0026 voiceover: Rahul Venkit https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCD1X…
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Original French version: • Guerre d’indépendance des États-Unis …
Russian version: • Война за независимость США - на карте
Arabic version: • حرب الاستقلال الأمريكية
Spanish version: • La Guerra de Independencia de los Est…
Portuguese version (Brazil): • Guerra da Independência dos Estados U…
Japanese version: • アメリカ独立戦争
German version: • Der Amerikanische Unabhängigkeitskrie…
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Software: Adobe After Effects
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Chapters
00:00 Seven Years’ War
00:37 Tensions
01:38 Boston Tea Party
02:57 Battles of Lexington and Concord
03:51 The Second Continental Congress
04:47 Declaration of Independence
05:50 New York and New Jersey Campaign
07:15 Saratoga campaign
08:31 France
10:05 Spain
11:10 British defeat
12:34 Consequences
#geohistory #history #america #independenceday #independence #americanrevolution
Content
0.56 -> We begin during the Seven Years' War,
3.04 -> a pivotal moment in human history for the fate
of European powers and their colonial empires.
9.44 -> In North America, where the war is known
as the French and Indian War,
13.326 -> French and British colonies - along with their respective
Native American allies - confront each other.
19.28 -> After Britain's victory, France is forced
to cede most of its North American colonies.
24.72 -> Despite being the victor, Great Britain finds
itself over-indebted by the war effort and intends
30.32 -> to take advantage of its many colonies to bail out
its coffers through the imposition of new taxes.
40.48 -> In a few years, a series of taxes and laws -
unfavorable to the 13 British colonies - would be imposed.
47.655 -> In order to calm tensions with the Native
Americans, the king of Great Britain George III creates for them a reserve
54.749 -> beyond the Appalachian
mountains, forbidding colonists from settling there.
59.456 -> Then, new taxes are imposed on the colonies
aimed at imports,
63.906 -> along with stamp duties on all paper documents in the colonies.
68.253 -> Many settlers oppose this move, arguing that they could not be taxed by a parliament in London in which they are not represented.
76.175 -> Tensions rise as Britain maintains its military presence in the colonies.
80.841 -> A new law even forces colonies to provide, if necessary, housing and food to its soldiers.
87.415 -> On March 5, 1770, in the streets of Boston, skirmishes take place between a British patrol and the public.
94.872 -> The soldiers open fire, killing 5.
101.6 -> As the import of tea is taxed, settlers
turn mainly to smuggled tea from the Dutch Republic.
107.905 -> As a result, the British East
India Company, already in financial difficulty, struggles to sell its tea stocks.
115.496 -> It then obtains a boost from the British Parliament, authorizing it to sell its tea duty-free in America.
121.939 -> But colonists oppose this measure and block the company's ships at the ports.
127.068 -> On December 16, 1773 in the Boston harbor, several dozen men, some of them disguised as native Americans,
135.381 -> climb aboard three of the company's ships and throw tea stocks into the sea.
140.441 -> In reaction, Great Britain imposes punitive measures against the colonies.
145.167 -> The port of Boston is closed and the British
reinforce their control over local governments and courts.
151.477 -> To counter these measures, on September 5, 1774, representatives of 12 out of the 13 colonies meet in Philadelphia
160.011 -> to form the First Continental Congress.
162.851 -> They decide, among others things, to boycott British imports.
166.678 -> The Congress also decides to meet again in May 1775 to reassess the situation
172.861 -> and invitations are
sent out to other British North American colonies.
181.2 -> Independent militias begin to organize. The
British learn that one of them is storing weapons in Concord, Massachusetts.
188.725 -> About 700 British soldiers leave Boston to disarm them.
192.973 -> But the information had already leaked and the independence fighters -- also called insurgents or the Patriots -- prepare
themselves.
199.973 -> On the morning of April 19th, the first shots are fired in Lexington, marking
the beginning of the American Revolutionary War.
209.44 -> The British army, in clear numerical superiority,
continues its march until Concord.
215.211 -> But this time, they face hundreds of armed
men who force them to retreat.
220.08 -> Under fire even as they retreat, British
troops finally reach Boston and come under siege.
226.018 -> The news spreads within the colonies,
motivating new forces to join the Patriots.
234.56 -> On May 10th, as an independence militia seizes
Fort Ticonderoga,
239.052 -> the Second Continental Congress meets in Philadelphia, this time bringing
together representatives of all 13 colonies.
246.48 -> They decide to unite their independence
forces into a Continental Army, headed by General George Washington.
253.516 -> On June 17th, north of Boston, British troops launch a counterattack.
258.529 -> In spite of heavy losses, they
win and repel the insurgents.
262.64 -> From Philadelphia, Congress makes a
final offer of peace to King George III, but it is ignored.
269.064 -> In the north, a Patriot army enters the Province of Quebec with the objective of convincing the French-speaking population to join them.
277.557 -> After the capture of Montreal, a second army joins them to secure the capture of Québec. But both fail, putting an end to the expedition.
290.64 -> In the south, too, war spreads, with more and more
confrontations taking place.
295.519 -> The number of victims is increasing, eliminating the possibility of reconciliation.
300.897 -> Within the colonies, the idea of a total rupture from Great Britain gains traction.
306.333 -> At the gates of Boston, the Patriots import artillery from Fort Ticonderoga and succeed in driving the British out of the city.
315.295 -> They leave for Halifax, after which Great Britain decides to join forces at the gates of New York to quell the rebellion
322.989 -> with an army of 32,000 men, including
9,000 German mercenaries called the Hessians.
329.68 -> In Philadelphia, on July 4, 1776, Congress adopts
the United States Declaration of Independence
337.28 -> which was mainly drafted by Thomas Jefferson.
340.702 -> The text stipulates, among other things, that all men are created equal, and that they have the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
353.44 -> In New York, British forces land on Long
Island and begin an offensive.
358.748 -> George Washington's outnumbered continental army is
quickly overwhelmed and is forced to retreat.
365.12 -> Over 3 months, the Patriots are driven
out and retreat beyond the Delaware river.
370.4 -> George Washington is in serious trouble:
numerous defeats, heavy losses, lack of means,
376.64 -> and now the arrival of a harsh winter brings down
the morale of his troops, a good part of whom
382.48 -> are reaching the end of their contract and are
about to leave.
387.009 -> At this time, philosopher Thomas Paine publishes the text called "The American
Crisis" which revives patriotic sentiment
394.744 -> and motivates Washington's troops as reinforcements
arrive.
399.205 -> On the freezing night of December 25, Washington attempts a coup de force and crosses the Delaware with 2,400 men.
406.205 -> At first light, he surprises the Hessians stationed in Trenton.
412.026 -> The offensive is a success: the troops return with 900 prisoners and their weapons.
417.878 -> Three days later, the Continental Army settles in Trenton, while British reinforcements from New York arrive in Princeton.
425.846 -> The British are then defeated and flee to New Brunswick.
429.798 -> The Continental Army, whose morale has
risen, takes up winter quarters in Morristown.
439.44 -> In the spring of 1777, the British relaunch an offensive with the objective of isolating New England, the Northeastern region.
448.644 -> To do so, an army leaves from the north, a second smaller one from Lake Ontario
453.693 -> and the third, under the command of General Howe, has to leave New York to join them at Albany.
459.41 -> But due to a lack of communication, the latter changes its plan and now targets Philadelphia, the de facto capital of the separatists.
468.38 -> His army lands south of the city.
471.51 -> In the north, after the capture of Fort Ticonderoga,
an outpost of the British army is defeated by a militia and loses 1,000 men.
481.176 -> Weakened, the British also lose their Native American allies who decide to return north.
486.653 -> In the west, the Second British
Army fails to capture Fort Stanwix and turns back.
492.48 -> Meanwhile, the Patriot Army regroups.
495.509 -> Near Philadelphia, the battle between Howe and Washington turns to the advantage of the British, opening up to them the gates of the city.
504.48 -> In the north, the armies clash. After two battles,
the entire British army is forced to surrender.
514.88 -> As Congress flees to York, Pennsylvania, the total
defeat of the British at Saratoga
520.289 -> makes France realize that Patriot victory is possible.
524.283 -> It is an opportunity for France to weaken its historical enemy and avenge its defeat in the Seven Years' War.
530.908 -> France allies with the Patriots and the war becomes international.
535.517 -> Great Britain is forced to reduce troop numbers in North America to try and protect its other colonies around the world.
542.899 -> The Continental army, which faces a harsh winter in a makeshift camp, is trained in warfare techniques by the Prussian Friedrich von Steuben.
552.744 -> 40km away, the British army stationed in Philadelphia
fears a maritime blockade by the French fleet.
559.6 -> The 15,000 soldiers then abandon the city to
reach New York via land.
565.081 -> The French fleet arrives and tries to coordinate with the Patriots to seize
Newport, but fails.
571.218 -> The British, for its part, change plans and now target the south. They first
seize Savannah.
577.809 -> In the far west, in the remote lands where there are few soldiers, a Patriot
militia takes control of the region.
584.93 -> Finally, North of New York, the Iroquois, allied with the
British, launch raids against the insurgents.
591.68 -> In response, a Patriot military expedition,
charged with demoralizing the Native Americans,
597.28 -> begins an offensive. 40 or so villages would be
razed to the ground, chasing away the residents.
608.4 -> The Spanish empire, which lost
Florida in the Seven Years War,
612.4 -> sees this as an opportunity to recover its
territory.
616.233 -> But Spain, which is already well established in America, does not want to
recognize the independence of the colonies.
623.12 -> Spain then declares war on Great Britain
in the name of its alliance with France.
628.08 -> In the West Indies, French and British fleets --
both now strengthened -- clash.
633.413 -> The battle turns to the favour of the French.
636.308 -> Taking advantage of their new naval domination, the French try to cooperate with the Patriots to impose a blockade on Savannah, but fail.
645.309 -> Further north, after a six-week siege, the British capture
Charleston and take more than 5,000 insurgent prisoners.
652.687 -> An army under Charles Cornwallis then goes to face off against the Patriots’ army near Camden and defeats them.
660.481 -> This complicates the situation for the Patriots.
663.497 -> They now decide only to target isolated British troops, avoiding
confrontation with Cornwallis' great army.
674.32 -> Although the Dutch Republic is neutral, merchants
in Amsterdam take advantage of the war to sell
679.84 -> arms and ammunition to the insurgents,
mainly from St. Eustatius.
684.332 -> Irritated, Great Britain declares war on the Dutch and seizes the island.
688.955 -> In North Carolina, Cornwallis' army pursues the Patriots and finally confronts them.
694.589 -> Despite being smaller in number, the British win —but also sustain heavy losses.
700.367 -> The Patriots flee south, while Cornwallis heads for the coast to seek reinforcements and allow his army to regain strength.
708.157 -> He then decides to head for Virginia.
710.96 -> But further north, a French army - that arrived
in Newport a year earlier -
715.347 -> leaves to join George Washington's troops to together fight against
Cornwallis' army stationed in Yorktown.
722.406 -> Meanwhile, a powerful French fleet enters Chesapeake
Bay to prevent any supply routes via the sea.
729.04 -> A British fleet tries to end the blockade but is
defeated.
733.398 -> Finally, French-American armies join forces with the army of the French Lafayette and together lay siege to Yorktown.
740.777 -> Cornwallis and his army are overwhelmed and have to
surrender. This victory proves decisive.
747.76 -> The British still control New York, Savannah and
Charleston, but secretly begin peace negotiations.
758.32 -> On September 3, 1783, during the Treaty of
Paris, Great Britain officially recognizes
764.88 -> the independence of the United States of America
and cedes territories up to the Mississippi River.
771.68 -> On the same day, Great Britain also
signs peace with France and Spain,
776.32 -> while peace with the Dutch would be signed the
following year, with the victory of the British.
780.8 -> The United States of America becomes the
first European colony to gain independence,
786.4 -> while about 50,000 settlers who remained loyal
to Great Britain flee to other British colonies, mainly in the north.
793.662 -> A new constitution is created with a strict separation of powers between the legislative represented by Congress,
800.616 -> the judicial represented by the Supreme Court, and the executive headed by the President of the United States.
807.342 -> George Washington is the first to serve this office.
810.705 -> A new capital emerges from the land and is named Washington DC.
815.595 -> In just over 150 years, the new nation would become the
world's leading economic and military power.
Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qCu4hXOmPYM