Paul and the apostles Christianity | World History | Khan Academy
Paul and the apostles Christianity | World History | Khan Academy
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After Jesus, the two most significant figures in Christianity are the apostles Peter and Paul/Saul. Paul, in particular, takes a leading role in spreading the teachings of Jesus to Gentiles (non Jews) in the Roman Empire.
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Content
0.06 -> the central figure in Christianity is
2.159 -> clearly Jesus but it's important to note
5.46 -> that he does not establish the religion
7.44 -> all by himself in fact at the time of
10.26 -> his crucifixion and according to
13.559 -> Christian beliefs resurrection and
15.54 -> ascension the number of followers he has
18 -> numbers in the low hundreds and the
21.9 -> actual work of spreading and and
24.66 -> creating the church falls on his
27.72 -> disciples in particular the ones that
30.33 -> are referred to as apostles when we
33.27 -> looked at the Gospels which were the
35.73 -> life and teachings of Jesus Christ the
37.62 -> first four books of the New Testament
38.94 -> Matthew Mark Luke and John we we talked
42.57 -> about that twelve disciples those
44.46 -> primary followers of Jesus they're often
47.52 -> referred to as the Twelve Apostles as
50.19 -> well because according to Christian
52.71 -> beliefs between the resurrection and the
55.559 -> Ascension of Jesus he tells the Apostles
58.289 -> look go spread the word apostle comes
60.989 -> from Greek for the one who spreads the
63.329 -> word these were the first Christian
65.189 -> missionaries now first amongst these
68.61 -> apostles is often considered Peter this
71.549 -> is Peter right over here he is mentioned
74.76 -> in the Gospels he is beside Jesus at the
77.82 -> time of the Transfiguration amongst
80.34 -> Roman Catholics he is viewed as the
82.38 -> first pope and he is really the head of
84.99 -> the Church of the Christian followers
86.85 -> and they're not even called Christians
88.829 -> at this point in Jerusalem right over
92.34 -> here but we're going to talk about
94.53 -> another significant apostle as well in
97.47 -> this video and this and that is Paul and
100.49 -> as we'll see Paul is not mentioned in
103.439 -> the first four books of the Bible he
105.75 -> wasn't a contemporary of Jesus or at
108.659 -> least he didn't he didn't know Jesus
110.399 -> during his life he did live at the same
113.49 -> time and you could see it on this
114.84 -> timeline where Jesus is born slightly
118.979 -> before the Common Era
121.049 -> I started year 1 because there isn't a
122.82 -> Year Zero and you can see that Peter is
124.829 -> born
125.46 -> historians believe around 1 AD and Paul
128.429 -> would have been born shortly after that
130.05 -> and what's interesting about Paul is
132.12 -> Paul starts this lot
133.56 -> as a very conservative Pharisee he
137.459 -> starts his life of persecuting Christian
140.7 -> people and then he has a fairly dramatic
143.25 -> switch and you'll often view you'll
146.19 -> often hear Paul or you might also hear
148.68 -> the name Saul or Paul of Tarsus
151.86 -> these are all referring to the same
153.45 -> person Tarsus is right over here in
155.64 -> modern-day southern Turkey and Paul as I
158.76 -> mentioned he grew up in a conservative
160.29 -> Jewish family but he also has Roman
163.05 -> citizenship that's why he has this Roman
164.97 -> name Paul and he has his Hebrew name
166.62 -> Saul and he's educated in Jerusalem and
169.95 -> he doesn't enter into the story until we
173.19 -> get to the fifth book of the New
174.84 -> Testament the Acts of the Apostles and
177.39 -> the Acts of the Apostles talks a lot
179.25 -> about Peter how he spreads the church
181.739 -> how he is persecuted how he performs
185.73 -> various miracles but it also is where we
188.849 -> get introduced to Paul and when we first
191.76 -> see him as I mentioned he is persecuting
193.68 -> Christians
194.61 -> so as the Church of Jerusalem is starts
198.45 -> to get established Peter puts a fellow
202.799 -> by the name of Stephen in charge of
205.109 -> distributing arms to widows that are
208.049 -> coming to them and Stephen and this is a
210.69 -> narrative that you'll hear often in the
212.73 -> New Testament he starts to get on the
215.91 -> nerves of the religious establishment
217.5 -> the Jewish religious establishment who
220.17 -> think that he's a blasphemer that his
222.389 -> beliefs are threatening them and so
224.489 -> there's this famous trial once again
226.44 -> with the Sanhedrin and the trial of
228.569 -> Steven and here I have an account form
231.54 -> of that trial or near the end of that
234.69 -> trial from the book of Acts and during
239.609 -> that trial Stephen goes into this long
241.56 -> account of what the teachings of Jesus
243.75 -> are and how they're justified by what is
246.18 -> mentioned in the Old Testament he
248.1 -> actually does a fairly long account of
250.26 -> it and then he also it's fairly
253.139 -> rebellious he says look you the
255.81 -> establishment are what profit have you
258.63 -> not persecuted before and so this really
261.299 -> angers them and so we read from the book
263.58 -> of Acts they all rushed at him dragged
265.89 -> him out of the city and began to
267.48 -> own him meanwhile the witnesses laid
269.82 -> their coats at the feet of a young man
271.95 -> named Saul and we see him right over
275.34 -> here depicted in this painting and Saul
278.37 -> approved of their killing him on that
281.76 -> great on that day a great persecution
283.31 -> broke out against the church in
286.14 -> Jerusalem and all except the apostles
288.12 -> were scattered throughout Judea and
290.16 -> cement and Samaria godly men buried
292.95 -> Stephen and mourned deeply for him but
295.71 -> Saul began to destroy the church going
298.74 -> from house to house he dragged off both
301.47 -> men and women and put them in prison so
304.44 -> he is a pretty fervent persecutor of
306.87 -> Christians and it goes even further so
311.49 -> then we read we go on to read in the
314.34 -> book of Acts meanwhile Saul was still
317.4 -> breathing out murderous threats against
319.38 -> the Lord's disciples he went to the high
321.93 -> priest and asked him for letters to the
324.54 -> synagogues in Damascus so that if he
327.15 -> found any there who belonged to the way
329.4 -> whether men or women he might take them
331.68 -> as prisoners to Jerusalem as he neared
334.11 -> Damascus on his journey so this is going
335.94 -> to be interesting thing he's so fervent
338.1 -> he goes to the High Priestesses I want
339.93 -> to I want to I want to persecute these
341.94 -> these Christians wherever they are I'm
343.65 -> going to go to Damascus and see if I can
345.12 -> persecute them there as he neared
347.19 -> Damascus on his journey suddenly a light
349.92 -> from heaven flashed around him he fell
352.5 -> to the ground and heard a voice say to
354.42 -> him Saul Saul why do you persecute me
358.35 -> and this is an image of that that this
361.32 -> narrative in the Bible who are you lord
364.05 -> Saul asked I am Jesus whom you are
367.05 -> persecuting he replied now get up and go
370.2 -> into the city the city being Damascus
372.27 -> and you will be told what you must do
374.4 -> and Paul is blinded by this event he's
378.3 -> blind for three days he goes to Damascus
380.43 -> and he is healed by a follower of Christ
384.21 -> and at that moment he completely does a
388.05 -> 180 he goes from being one of the chief
390 -> persecutors of the Christians to being
392.22 -> one of the chief believers and he starts
395.22 -> to aggressively spread the faith and so
399.06 -> that brings us
400.8 -> so let's go to this map because what's
404.009 -> significant about Paul is Peter was you
408.75 -> could really view him as the first head
410.069 -> of the church especially after Jesus but
413.46 -> he primarily viewed it as something to
416.49 -> spread amongst the Jewish people there
418.229 -> are events for example in Acts where he
420.12 -> does realize hey maybe I should be that
421.979 -> this this the word of Jesus should go
424.169 -> beyond the Jewish people should go to
425.819 -> the non-jews referred to as Gentiles but
429.389 -> Paul and you can see in the map here he
431.61 -> has this this revelation I guess you
433.949 -> could say as he's approaching Damascus
436.319 -> and he goes he goes back to Jerusalem
440.099 -> and he tries to convince the other
444.36 -> followers and you could imagine they're
445.59 -> quite skeptical of this person who was
447 -> shortly before persecuting them but he
450.24 -> eventually convinces them and he goes on
452.28 -> multiple missionary journeys spreading
454.77 -> the faith and his center of operations
456.69 -> is at Antioch and he's a significant
459.539 -> figure who helps build the church at
461.4 -> Antioch and what's interesting about the
463.62 -> Church of Antioch it ends up being a
465.36 -> very significant Church is that it
468.259 -> Antioch the Christians or the the
471.389 -> Christian faith is not just spread to
473.46 -> the Jewish people they're spread to the
475.169 -> non-jews to the Gentiles and it's
477.389 -> actually at the Church of Antioch that
479.25 -> the followers of Jesus Christ according
480.81 -> to biblical accounts were first referred
483.75 -> to as Christians and so what you see on
487.259 -> this on this map here are the various
490.409 -> missionary journeys that Paul who is a
493.409 -> Roman citizen was able or so depending
496.08 -> on which name you want to use was able
498.029 -> to do through especially the eastern
501.12 -> Roman Empire so in the mid 40s here let
504.84 -> me in the mid 40s right over here he
508.86 -> does a missionary journey once again
512.13 -> Antioch is his base he goes to Cyprus
514.979 -> and southern mid what we would call
517.62 -> Turkey today and in the early fifties he
521.52 -> goes on this fairly long journey through
523.8 -> through modern-day Turkey through
527.149 -> Macedonia through Greece and as he's
530.88 -> doing this he's spreading the word of
532.62 -> Jesus Christ he's starting to help
534.48 -> established churches in these
536.04 -> significant places Philippi Thessalonica
538.19 -> Corinth all of these various places you
540.93 -> see his you see his third journey here
544.32 -> very similar in path and yellow to the
547.85 -> second journey he does that in the late
550.26 -> 50s see II and once again he's
552.99 -> constantly establishing these churches
555.089 -> and the important thing to realize about
557.79 -> Paul there's it's a controversy to what
561 -> degree should the teachings of Jesus be
563.91 -> spread to the Gentiles to the non-jewish
566.43 -> people there are these famous debates
568.199 -> and Paul's view is no we should not
571.649 -> force the Gentiles to do everything that
574.35 -> the Jews have to do the circumcision the
577.139 -> the Jewish dietary laws and you can
580.079 -> imagine this doubly angers the the
583.56 -> church leaders not only is he is he
586.589 -> spreading the word of Jesus that it has
588.959 -> annoyed them to no end but he also wants
591.839 -> to spread it to the Gentiles but he
593.79 -> doesn't think that the Gentiles need to
595.44 -> perform all of the things that the
597.51 -> Jewish leaders believe are dictated by
599.61 -> the the laws of Moses by the the Jewish
603.66 -> faith the and circumcision is actually a
606.149 -> major debate circumcision the dietary
608.639 -> habit etc etc so eventually he goes back
611.76 -> to Jerusalem to to face this leadership
615.209 -> and now this is in the early 60s and
620.089 -> they once again they put him on trial as
623.16 -> a Jewish citizen he says hey I have a
625.35 -> right to see the Emperor so then he is
627.42 -> taken to Rome and along the way they get
631.199 -> caught in a storm but eventually he
632.97 -> makes his way to Rome where he is held
635.79 -> prisoner and it is believed that both
638.399 -> Peter and Paul were killed by Nero we
642.75 -> talked in previous videos the fire of in
645.24 -> 64 C II in Rome that destroys a large
647.819 -> chunk of the city some people think Nero
650.43 -> actually set the fire to clear some land
652.29 -> so that he could build his palace but he
655.079 -> famously blames the fire on Christians
657.3 -> and there's a large purge of Christians
659.639 -> that occur after that and a lot of
661.41 -> accounts say that Peter was crucified by
663.39 -> Nero he requests according to these
665.64 -> accounts to be crucified upside down
667.56 -> because he's
668.1 -> deserve to get the same crucifixion as
670.5 -> Jesus and Paul some accounts say that he
673.92 -> was beheaded once again they're dying in
675.839 -> these Christian purges that Nero is
678.98 -> performing so you can see it right over
681.209 -> here if those accounts are true now
684.149 -> what's really interesting I already
685.92 -> talked about Paul being this missionary
687.899 -> to the Gentiles
689.279 -> he is the one especially at the Church
690.81 -> of Antioch where Christianity starts to
693 -> really separate from Judaism starts to
695.639 -> become a faith in its own right and that
698.009 -> was even further accelerated in a few
699.93 -> years after their death or might have
702.269 -> been roughly coincident with their
703.56 -> dependence depending on when their
704.85 -> deaths were from 66 to 70 you have from
709.5 -> 66 to 70 you have the Jewish rebellion
712.47 -> sometimes called the first Roman Jewish
714.509 -> war and it ends with the Roman Empire
717.66 -> destroying the temple at Jerusalem the
719.91 -> center of the Jewish faith the Second
721.92 -> Temple of Jerusalem the one that was
723.35 -> rebuilt partially by Cyrus the Great and
726.5 -> so this causes the Jewish people to have
729.87 -> to leave and they no longer have this
732.209 -> the center of of their people and you
735.959 -> have the Jewish Diaspora that gets
737.639 -> spread throughout the Roman Empire and
739.319 -> other empires like the the Parthians in
741.93 -> Persia and they really there's a famous
744.779 -> battle in 73 of Masada this mountain
748.11 -> fortress where the Romans essentially
750.63 -> will to mass suicide but it's this
752.819 -> bloody extermination of the Jewish
755.04 -> people in and around Jerusalem so they
757.98 -> are spread and that's obviously a
760.11 -> significant series of events for the
762.18 -> Jewish people but it's also significant
764.279 -> for Christianity because Jerusalem was a
767.1 -> center of the Christian faith and now
768.93 -> the Christian followers are going to be
770.79 -> spread around and many of these other
772.74 -> places that Paul spread the gospel
774.899 -> become centers of Christianity now to
778.23 -> emphasize the importance of Paul to
780.839 -> Christianity these are this is a listing
783.81 -> of the books of the Bible Jesus his life
786.449 -> and teachings is primarily coming from
788.189 -> the Gospels right here most of what I've
790.74 -> told you in this video this is this is
792.569 -> excerpts from the fifth book of the New
794.55 -> Testament Acts of the Apostles and then
797.839 -> most modern orderings of the Bible the
801.569 -> neck
801.96 -> several or many books are called
803.46 -> epistles or letters and they're
804.81 -> primarily the epistles of Paul letters
807.24 -> that he wrote to his followers in
808.589 -> different places and so you can see most
810.66 -> of these names these are cities that you
812.58 -> see where Paul was a missionary
814.8 -> Corinthians Corinth is right here these
816.899 -> are letters that Paul is sending to the
818.49 -> church there Galatians you see Galatia
820.35 -> right over here in central modern-day
822.33 -> Turkey Ephesians in Ephesus Philippians
825.81 -> in Philippi right over here Coliseum's
828.3 -> in colossi Thessalonians and
830.81 -> Thessalonica right over here and this is
834.6 -> a major chunk of the Bible that is
837.06 -> either written by Paul or people or some
840 -> people think it was written by followers
841.35 -> described to Paul and what I have here
844.38 -> in this deeper orange these are the
846.51 -> books that historians think were
847.83 -> actually written by Paul this lighter
850.29 -> orange there's some debate and the
852.54 -> yellow ones are the ones where people
853.56 -> think it probably wasn't written by Paul
855.87 -> but as you can imagine this is a
857.459 -> significant chunk of the New Testament
860.279 -> that was actually written or ascribed to
863.61 -> Paul and he was really the significant
865.94 -> missionary that created the Christian
868.98 -> faith beyond the Jewish people
Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QSC86jWqGKc