Is Nuclear Fusion The Answer To Clean Energy?
Is Nuclear Fusion The Answer To Clean Energy?
Nuclear power has a controversial history, but many energy experts say it has a major role to play in our energy future. Some in the industry are working to make standard fission power safer and cheaper. Others are pursuing the holy grail of energy - nuclear fusion, the process that powers the sun and the stars. If we figure out how to harness that power here on earth, it would be a huge game-changer.
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Is Nuclear Fusion The Answer To Clean Energy?
Content
2.34 -> Think of nuclear power, and
many imagine the worst.
5.35 -> Atomic bombs, reactors melting
down, radioactive wastes.
9.03 -> There's no denying that the history
of nuclear is fraught, and the
11.94 -> dramatic and disturbing moments
hard to forget.
15.27 -> But for the most part, nuclear energy
operates out of sight and out of
18.44 -> mind, generating about 10 percent
of the world's total electricity.
22.81 -> This represents 29 percent of all
the world's low-carbon power and 55
27.19 -> percent of the United
States' low-carbon power.
30.34 -> Nuclear reactors generate energy day and
night, and produce no greenhouse
33.93 -> gases. But overall, the growth of
nuclear is slowing in comparison to
37.86 -> other low-carbon sources like
wind and solar.
41.2 -> By 2050, all 420 nuclear plants
operating today must be replaced.
47.06 -> We're not on a path to get there.
49.38 -> Nuclear power plants are expensive
to build, construction often takes
52.48 -> longer than expected, and debates over
how to handle radioactive wastes
56.21 -> rage on. What's more, public opposition
to nuclear power is strong,
60.32 -> especially in the U.S.
62.52 -> But we're in the midst of a
climate crisis, and many energy experts argue
65.89 -> that despite a contentious history, nuclear has
a key role to play in our
69.55 -> energy future as a stable,
always available source of power.
74.6 -> As we replace coal, we really do
need another form of what we call
78.41 -> spinning reserve. You know, large power
plants that when the wind isn't
82.68 -> blowing or the sun isn't
shining, that power is available.
86.11 -> And nuclear is going to be
the best solution for that.
89.22 -> If you just believe in
arithmetic, you need nuclear.
94.26 -> Some experts are working to
upgrade existing nuclear power technology.
98.01 -> That means designing safer and more
efficient fission reactors, with the
101.46 -> support of philanthropists
like Bill Gates.
104.35 -> But government labs, private
investors and intergovernmental organizations
108.06 -> are also devoting vast resources to what
many consider the holy grail of
112.35 -> energy: nuclear fusion.
115.67 -> Good grief, the energy potential
there is just enormous.
119 -> The energy that we need is
going to be mastering this fusion.
122.86 -> Nuclear fusion is the same process that
powers our sun and every other
126.52 -> star in the universe.
128.09 -> And if we can figure out how to
harness that power here on earth, it would
131.7 -> be a huge game changer.
140 -> Nuclear fission was discovered in late
1938 by a pair of German
143.42 -> researchers. They found out that when
you bombard uranium with neutrons,
147.13 -> the nucleus splits, forming two lighter
isotopes and releasing mass that
150.58 -> gets converted into energy.
152.78 -> The discovery paved the way for the
development of the atomic bomb in the
155.64 -> United States. And after the infamous
bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki,
160.15 -> concerns over nuclear proliferation spiraled
as the global nuclear
163.35 -> stockpile grew during the Cold War
between the United States and the
166.49 -> Soviet Union. But in 1953, President
Eisenhower's Atoms for Peace program
171.61 -> attempted to shift the focus of
nuclear power toward peaceful energy
174.85 -> generation, and much of the world
started building nuclear power plants
178.34 -> for civilian use.
180.52 -> Private industry quickly jumped on board,
especially in the United States,
184.76 -> and by 1991, the U.S.
186.04 -> had twice as many operating nuclear
power plants as any other country.
190.67 -> If those all of a sudden went away
and you had to make that electricity
194.46 -> with fossil fuel, it would be like
doubling the number of cars on the
197.92 -> road. So our 100 nuclear
power plants in the U.S.
201.52 -> are helping us avoid, and have been for
like 50 years, helping us avoid a
206.24 -> significant amount of
carbon generation.
209.52 -> As of 2019, about 450 reactors
worldwide operate in 31 countries.
214.56 -> And some countries, such as France,
Hungary, Slovakia and Ukraine, get
218.13 -> more than half of their
power from nuclear energy.
221.53 -> But over the decades, a number
of high-profile disasters have stalled the
224.83 -> industry's momentum. In 1979, the
partial meltdown and ensuing radiation
230.69 -> leak at Three Mile Island in Pennsylvania
cost about 1 billion dollars to
234.65 -> cleanup. The disaster stoked public
fears about nuclear power.
238.75 -> Stricter safety standards
were imposed.
240.89 -> Reactors became more expensive to
build and fewer were built.
245.01 -> Fission is always also quite expensive, and
because of the large amount of
248.74 -> radioactivity in those machines, people
are scared of it.
251.31 -> So the social acceptance of
fission is not very good.
254.45 -> The nuclear disasters at Chernobyl in
1986 and Fukushima Daiichi in 2011
258.59 -> led to further scrutiny of the industry,
as concerns mounted over the long
263.16 -> term effects of
the radiation exposure.
265.97 -> And then there's the battle over
where to store nuclear waste.
269.21 -> One proposed site, Yucca Mountain in
Nevada, has been hotly contested for
273.07 -> over 30 years.
274.6 -> Yucca Mountain is unfit as a repository
site for nuclear waste because of
278.28 -> the impact it would
have on national transportation.
282.05 -> The current state of
the industry remains mixed.
284.48 -> Countries such as China, India and Russia
are building new reactors at a
287.89 -> fairly fast clip. But in the United
States, more than one third remain
291.82 -> unprofitable or face closure.
295.25 -> Frankly, we're rusty.
296.65 -> If you look at countries like China
and Russia, we're being outnumbered by
301.55 -> 30 to 1 on new builds.
304.18 -> Only one new nuclear reactor has
come online in the U.S.
307.49 -> since 1996, as costs and construction
times in developed economies have
311.26 -> spiraled. The typical nuclear plant today
in Europe costs well over 10
316.86 -> billion dollars and generally takes
10 years to build.
321.22 -> The low cost of solar, wind and
in particular natural gas, has meant that
327.38 -> nuclear not only comes in at a
very expensive proposition, but it also
331.8 -> means that nuclear is not a
very friendly player in the market.
337.13 -> Next generation fission technologies are much
safer than reactors of the
340.57 -> past, and some proponents claim
they'll be cheaper too.
343.99 -> The general public may still need
convincing, but one idea has outlasted
347.93 -> the controversy. The promise that someday,
nuclear fusion will provide a
351.85 -> better alternative.
355.99 -> Scientists have been researching nuclear
fusion since the 1920s, ever
359.98 -> since they learned it's
what powers the sun.
362.79 -> In a fusion reaction, extreme
temperatures and intense pressure cause
366.12 -> hydrogen atoms to fuse
together, forming helium atoms.
370.16 -> In the process, the atoms lose some
mass which is converted into vast
373.3 -> amounts of energy. The reaction could produce
four times as much energy as
377.08 -> nuclear fission and nearly 4 million
times more energy than burning coal
381.03 -> or gas. Or another way to think about it
is 2 pounds of fusion fuel is the
386.18 -> same as about fifty five
thousand barrels of oil.
388.84 -> It doesn't contribute
to greenhouse gases.
391.46 -> The fuel is plentiful and can
be found essentially everywhere in the
395.16 -> world. The radioactivity
would be short-lived.
397.86 -> There's no possibility of a runaway
reaction, so it's an inherently safe
402.05 -> system. But after decades of research
and billions of dollars, scientists
406.21 -> still have not found a way
to create a sustained fusion reaction.
409.75 -> That's created a not-so-inside joke among
scientists that fusion is the
413.65 -> energy source of the future
and always will be.
416.56 -> Every time physicists think that fusion
is around the corner, nature
422.06 -> tricks them. That nature resists taking
this large cloud of gas and
427.36 -> compressing it to the point where you
can get fusion out of it.
430.35 -> When I talk to colleagues or like my
parents or family, they make fun of
434.7 -> me and say, "Oh yeah, you guys said
fusion is going to be coming 50 years
438.05 -> from now, and that was 50 years ago.
439.43 -> Where are ya?" But some think these
questions and jokes overlook the real
443.3 -> progress that's been made.
445.16 -> Although we don't have fusion, over the
last 30, 40 years, the amount of
449.41 -> fusion that the prototypes make have increased
by a factor of 10 to the
452.64 -> four, 10,000 times.
453.69 -> And this is actually a growth rate
similar to the amount of transistors on
457.74 -> a chip. The challenges is, until you get
to the point where you build that
461.61 -> first power plant, everybody thinks
you haven't moved very far.
465.34 -> Fusion has traditionally been the purview
of government labs like Lawrence
468.29 -> Livermore and Oak Ridge.
469.8 -> But more recently, a number of private
companies have thrown their hat in
472.84 -> the ring. This includes General Fusion,
which aims to bring a commercial
476.77 -> reactor to market in the 2030s.
479.26 -> Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos is
among the company's investors.
483.6 -> And then there's the large multinational
effort that's underway in the
486.48 -> south of France called
the International Thermonuclear Experimental
490.25 -> Reactor, or ITER, the project aims to
create the world's largest and most
494.18 -> powerful fusion reactor.
496.64 -> While all of these players are
competing for resources and funding, that
500.27 -> could actually be a good thing
for the nuclear power industry overall.
504.15 -> The success of one company or one
group or one organization actually grows
508.61 -> the pie. It convinces more people out
in business and in the economy to
512.9 -> look at fusion as
a viable alternative.
515.28 -> And that attracts more
investment for everybody.
521.07 -> General Fusion, founded in 2002, operates
out of a nondescript office park
525.34 -> about 20 minutes
outside of Vancouver.
528.31 -> Unlike most government labs or
academic institutions, General Fusion is
532.07 -> focused on implementation
over research.
534.71 -> The company's goal is to build
an electricity-generating fusion reactor in
538.26 -> the next decade or two.
540.69 -> Jeff Bezos was an early investor and
the company has now raised over 120
544.23 -> million, with about 90 million coming
from private investment and 30
548.49 -> million from the Canadian government.
551.81 -> General Fusion combines two common
approaches in the industry: Inertial
555.48 -> confinement, which subjects the fusion fuel
to extremely high pressure for
559.25 -> a brief amount of time, and
magnetic confinement, which uses modest
562.86 -> pressure for a prolonged time.
565.3 -> When heated to extreme temperatures, the
fusion fuel becomes a plasma, a
568.9 -> state of matter similar to gas,
except that it contains charged particles
572.63 -> that allow it to conduct electricity
and respond to magnetic fields.
576.79 -> Our compressor is going to be a big
sphere about 4 meters across, 15 feet
581.52 -> across on the inside. And into that big
sphere, we are going to put liquid
587.22 -> metal. And that liquid metal, we're going to
spin around in a circle so it
590.09 -> opens a hole. And into that hole we're
going to put our fuel, which is
593.12 -> hydrogen gas.
594.53 -> It's preheated up to
a few million degrees.
596.62 -> And then all around the outside of this
sphere is a big array of pistons
600.34 -> driven by compressed gas.
601.44 -> So they push on the liquid metal and
they collapse the hole with this fuel
604.94 -> trapped inside. And that collapse happens
very quickly and compresses the
608.04 -> fuel up to fusion conditions.
610.41 -> The peak of the compression, the fuel
ignites and gives a fusion reaction.
614.94 -> That energy goes into
this liquid metal.
616.72 -> So the liquid metal heats up, you take
this hot liquid metal out, you run
620.11 -> it through a heat exchanger and
you boil water and make steam.
622.5 -> And then the steam drives a turbine to
make electricity and puts it out on
626 -> the grid. And we just keep pulsing
and do that over and over again.
631.65 -> Right now, General Fusion's main
components, like its plasma injector,
635.29 -> piston array and fuel
chamber, all exist separately.
638.63 -> Delage wants to integrate them into
one large demonstration reactor, a
642.32 -> process he estimates will
take about five years.
645.76 -> A space roughly this size would fit a
power plant that would be enough for
649.33 -> a hundred thousand homes. And when
the reactor goes online, Laberge says
653.17 -> it will bring General Fusion's cost
of power into competition with coal
656.49 -> and renewables like wind and solar.
659.14 -> At 5 cents per kilowatt
hour, it's quite competitive, actually.
661.63 -> Like it is cheaper
than many other things.
664.25 -> But it's not cheaper
than natural gas.
667.54 -> Laberge hopes it will eventually become
cheaper though, a likelihood if
671.06 -> the U.S. decides to
implement a carbon tax.
674.15 -> The energy market on the planet
is a trillion a year.
676.79 -> And so if we take a sizable chunk of
that, we get a sizable fraction of a
680.84 -> trillion dollars a year. But some
industry experts believe that private
684.58 -> companies like General Fusion are
being overly optimistic with their
687.95 -> timelines. In the past 10 years, there's
been a lot of small industries
692.23 -> coming in to say we can achieve
fusion in five years, ten years.
696.74 -> I don't believe it.
698.38 -> I think they've underestimated and not looked
at the full challenge of a
703.95 -> fusion reactor. Nuclear
fusion is hard.
707.63 -> No research group or company has ever
been able to reach the so-called
710.66 -> breakeven point, at which the energy
released from a fusion reaction is
714.33 -> greater than the energy required to heat
the plasma used in the reaction.
718.81 -> This is not really
an energy technology.
724.07 -> It is basic research.
727.12 -> Basic research has value.
729.26 -> But to sell this as a technology that
will solve our energy needs in the
734.31 -> next 20 to 30 years is deceptive.
736.98 -> We are just not that close.
738.84 -> But basic research is the bread
and butter of Lawrence Livermore National
741.97 -> Lab. It's been researching fusion since
its establishment in the 1950s.
747.58 -> In 2009, the lab opened the National
Ignition Facility with the goal of
750.8 -> achieving breakeven and ultimately
igniting a fusion reaction.
754.65 -> And by ignited we mean
that it can be self-sustaining.
757.33 -> It can propagate throughout all the
fuel that's present in the implosion.
762.75 -> Lawrence Livermore is pursuing
inertial confinement fusion.
766.15 -> That is, confining plasma at extremely
high pressure for a very short
769.48 -> amount of time, using high
energy lasers to do so.
773.8 -> We're standing in what we call our
Target Bay, looking at our target
778.36 -> chamber. The target chamber is a big ball
about 30 feet across, and at the
784.42 -> very center of that ball, we put a
very tiny target about the size of the
789.08 -> tip of my finger, and we irradiate
that target with one hundred and ninety
795.11 -> two of the world's
most energetic lasers.
798.09 -> Researchers at the National Ignition Facility
and other national labs have
801.2 -> access to enormous computing power,
allowing them to run complex
804.71 -> simulations that help them understand
the exact conditions necessary to
807.99 -> reach ignition. And so based on our
best simulations, they say that a
811.88 -> facility of this scale is big enough
to create this runaway reactions, if
817.31 -> everything works nearly ideally.
819.93 -> But clearly, getting everything to work
perfectly in the real world is
822.75 -> much harder than it
looks on a screen.
825.13 -> The National Ignition Facility was based
upon the promise of just that,
828.82 -> ignition. After 10 years of trying,
they haven't gotten anywhere close.
833.04 -> And when they fail, they say, "All we
need is a little bit more money and
837.42 -> time!" And the critics are saying,
"No, there's some fundamental problems
841.89 -> here." So it could very well
be that neither the well-funded,
845.53 -> research-oriented national labs nor
the scrappy, goal-oriented startups
849.64 -> are going to solve the fusion puzzle.
852.05 -> It might just take
an international effort.
856.17 -> The ITER project, originally known
as the International Thermonuclear
859.22 -> Experimental Reactor, originated nearly 35
years ago at the Geneva
863.24 -> Superpower Summit. Now China, the
European Union, India, Japan, Korea,
868.3 -> Russia and the United States are all
working together to build what would
871.77 -> be the world's largest tokamak reactor,
the donut shaped device used for
875.54 -> magnetic confinement fusion.
878.38 -> Currently under construction, ITER's tokamak
reactor will be twice the
881.79 -> size of the current largest machine and
aims to produce 500 megawatts of
885.64 -> fusion power from 50
megawatts of heating power.
888.89 -> I do believe that this is more
challenging than decoding DNA or putting a
893.63 -> man on the moon. The literal
challenge is beyond today's capacity.
899.2 -> But Henderson says ITER is poised
to surpass previous efforts simply due
902.54 -> to the sheer scale of the
proposed machine, which builds upon already
906.13 -> established technologies.
908.56 -> Unlike General Fusion's ambitions, the immediate
goal of ITER is not
911.98 -> energy production, though the project does
have an eye towards eventual
915.18 -> commercialization. We'll start building the
actual tokamak itself, which
920.43 -> is about 20 yards in diameter
and about 20 yards in height.
925.84 -> And that device should be completed
around the 2024 period, and then
932.17 -> targeting to go nuclear
in the 2035 period.
935.85 -> So by 2040, which seems a long
way, we will have gained all the
941.37 -> information that allows the next
generations to build demos.
946.67 -> Henderson hopes that these demos will
achieve ignition, opening the door
950.15 -> for industrial scale reactors that
generate electricity for the grid.
953.97 -> And that is literally where
fusion will take off.
957.83 -> It's not in our lifespan, but it
is in our grandkid's or the
963.29 -> great-great-grandkid's type lifespan.
966.24 -> It's a grand vision, but even if
ITER hits all its targets, how to
969.97 -> translate that into a commercially
viable reactor remains somewhat
973.21 -> unclear. That's an
entirely different problem.
975.75 -> That'll take another 30
years at best.
979.9 -> And whether the economics works
out is another question.
983.61 -> Henderson says it's impossible to say
right now what a fusion reactor
986.89 -> would cost or if the
price point would be competitive.
989.94 -> There is, however, a price
tag on ITER itself.
992.54 -> And while it's not cheap, it's
not necessarily exorbitant for an
995.49 -> undertaking of this magnitude.
997.75 -> ITER is going to cost
roughly about 20 billion.
1000.21 -> It cost roughly about 120 billion in
today's money to put Neil Armstrong
1005.81 -> on the moon. So we're
a fraction of that cost.
1010.34 -> And yet what we're offering is
countless of generations a clean, basically
1015.98 -> limitless energy source.
1017.05 -> It's stupid we don't do this.
1019.57 -> Despite the project's obvious potential,
funding for ITER can be
1022.73 -> intermittent and unreliable, as countries
like the United States
1026.12 -> frequently change their contribution levels
in tandem with their election
1029.17 -> cycles and energy budgets.
1031.68 -> Right now we're pretty much governed by
the electoral 4 year or 2 year
1034.94 -> cycle. We need to
be looking beyond that.
1040.72 -> Not everyone thinks fusion is
so integral to our survival.
1044.61 -> Fusion isn't the only game out there.
1046.62 -> Fission is like
fusion's ugly sibling.
1049.14 -> It's like no one wants
to get involved with it.
1051.71 -> But that is the only technology that
we have outside of solar and other
1056.99 -> sorts of renewables, that we can
produce energy without carbon waste.
1064.2 -> Public opinion on nuclear fission remains
split, but many within the
1067.56 -> industry say the
controversy is undeserved.
1070.45 -> It's controversial for those who
haven't studied it carefully.
1074.16 -> For those who have studied
it carefully, it's not.
1077.34 -> You look at mortality rates per unit
of energy produced and nuclear is the
1081.65 -> lowest of all. But there is
a fear because of its origins.
1088.6 -> Many proponents of nuclear say to look
back at the past to the accidents
1092.98 -> that happened is being naive about
the innovation and evolution of
1098.73 -> technologies. Microsoft's Bill Gates is
one of these proponents.
1102.64 -> He's intent on building safer and
more efficient fission reactors to
1105.76 -> reinvigorate the industry.
1107.52 -> In 2006, he founded TerraPower, a
nuclear reactor design company that's
1111.49 -> working on building new
Generation 4 reactors.
1114.52 -> Most of the operating reactors around
the world today, of which there's
1118.15 -> about 450, are Generation 2.
1121.63 -> Generation 3 plants are now being
built out in the U.S.,
1125.37 -> in China, in Russia.
1127.7 -> Generation 4 plants, they represent
improvements in not just economics,
1132.74 -> but safety and waste reduction.
1135.77 -> So the reactors that we're working on,
they operate not just at lower
1139.76 -> pressures, which should be less expensive
than today's reactors, but they
1143.56 -> operate at higher temperatures.
1146.03 -> When you move to those higher
temperatures, you actually get a higher
1149.48 -> plant efficiency. Levesque also says
TerraPower's reactors are "walk-away
1154.29 -> safe". That means that during emergencies,
the plant will cool and
1157.53 -> stabilize itself without
an operator present.
1160.85 -> Furthermore, Levesque says the plant produces
80 percent less waste and
1164.59 -> requires less uranium enrichment,
allaying proliferation concerns.
1169.77 -> But getting new fission technologies off
the ground is an expensive
1172.75 -> endeavor, so companies like TerraPower
want government support, both to
1176.61 -> build out their tech and to help
them compete with cheaper power sources
1180.26 -> such as natural gas.
1182.59 -> The U.S. government does
this all the time.
1184.63 -> They did it in the case of hydraulic
fracturing, they did it in the case
1187.72 -> of wind and solar, and now
it's time for the U.S.
1190.76 -> government to help demonstrate the next
phase of nuclear technology as
1195.16 -> well. Levesque estimates that
building TerraPower's first demonstration
1199.36 -> reactor will cost more than a
billion dollars, ideally funded through a
1203.3 -> public-private partnership.
1205.63 -> I can't have my grandchildren, let
alone my children, rely on fusion.
1211.26 -> This is something we've got to do
because it's the one major system that
1215.91 -> we know we can build. It's a matter
of how perfect we can make it, not
1220.17 -> whether it'll work. So
here's where we stand.
1226.14 -> Fission proponents want to upgrade
existing nuclear power plants and
1229.07 -> technologies. Fusion researchers say projects
like General Fusion and ITER
1233.34 -> need more investment from both public and
private sources in order to turn
1237.29 -> nuclear fusion into a reality.
1240.08 -> And climate change activists say the
world needs to decarbonize, using the
1243.09 -> resources we have now,
before it's too late.
1246.39 -> We need to turn to fission, turn
to solar, turn to wind, turn to
1251.26 -> geothermal, turn to hydroelectric.
1254.11 -> Do whatever we can to get
off of the carbon addiction.
1257.97 -> Then, if the research and investment comes
to bear, we can turn to fusion
1261.64 -> to support our
rapidly growing population.
1264.36 -> I think fusion is
actually an inevitable thing.
1266.83 -> I think we will solve this problem.
1268.27 -> The key is to get it
there as fast as possible.
1270.7 -> How soon we'll reach this fusion-powered
future remains up for debate.
1274.53 -> The first demonstration will happen in
about 10 years, I would think.
1279.8 -> By 2060 or 2070, the world is
likely to be largely powered by fusion.
1285.03 -> Near the turn of the century, or
maybe even a little bit beyond that.
1288.33 -> I think if the human race is still
around in the year 2500 and we look
1292.17 -> back, I would wager that
fusion plants will be there.
1296 -> However, these estimated timeframes may
rely heavily on how much
1299.37 -> government decides to invest
in fusion power.
1302.23 -> I think the question
is political will.
1304.34 -> To what extent are our governments
willing to spend the money to
1308.93 -> investigate these things?
1310.18 -> At this present rate and at this present
level of will, I don't see it
1314.52 -> happening. If you were to ask me,
"What is the most challenging thing
1318.72 -> about fusion?", I would not say holding
some hot gas at 150 million
1323.88 -> degrees Celsius. I actually
think it's our mentality.
1329.31 -> We don't think 5, 7,
12 generations down the road.
1332.57 -> A more realistic plan, a portfolio,
is probably to concentrate on various
1338.83 -> renewables and work on
improving standard fission.
1343.6 -> Where there's a will, there's a way.
1345.27 -> And through the process of building a
machine like ITER, as well as
1348.78 -> building a machine like NIF, as well
as building a machine like General
1352.15 -> Fusion, we learn so that we can
then apply that to the next time.
1358.19 -> Yeah, it goes beyond our generation.
1360.9 -> But sorry, I don't use
that as an excuse.
Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vPS-epGPJmg