History Explored: Ancient Civilizations Around the World | EXPLORE MODE
History Explored: Ancient Civilizations Around the World | EXPLORE MODE
In this episode of Explore Mode, we are diving into four of the oldest civilizations in the world: Ancient Mesopotamia, the Indus River Valley Civilization, the Ancient Egyptians and the Ancient Mayans. \r
Music:
Willow And The Light, Night Cave, Kumasi Groove Plus Flugelhorn and Firesong
Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/b…\r
Sources:
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/ar…\r
Mesopotamian Civilization\r
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopot…\r
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanitie…\r
https://www.history.com/topics/ancien…\r
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Code…\r
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of…\r
https://www.history.com/topics/ancien…\r
• วิดีโอ \r
Indus Valley Civilization
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_V…
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indu…\r
https://www.ancient.eu/Indus_Valley_C…\r
• Mohenjo Daro 101 | National Geographic \r
Ancient Egyptian Civilization
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient…
https://www.history.com/topics/ancien…
https://www.ancient.eu/Old_Kingdom_of…
https://www.ancient.eu/Middle_Kingdom…
https://www.ancient.eu/New_Kingdom_of…\r
Mayan Civilization\r
https://www.ancient.eu/Maya_Civilizat…
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_as…
https://www.history.com/topics/ancien…
https://www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/exhi…
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_as…
• Ancient Maya 101 | National Geographic
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/me…
Produced by Sofia K.
Edited by Amanda Lee
History Explored: Ancient Civilizations Around the World | EXPLORE MODE
Content
0 -> first things first how exactly do we
2.61 -> define our civilizations we're going to
5.67 -> source National Geographic for this one
7.649 -> according to them
9.24 -> civilizations share the following
11.07 -> characteristics they have large
13.559 -> population centers they have monumental
16.109 -> architecture and unique art styles they
18.6 -> have shared communication strategies
20.46 -> they have systems put in place for
22.47 -> administering territories they have a
24.66 -> complex division of labor and they have
27.06 -> social and economic class divisions
29.269 -> you'll also notice that most if not all
32.13 -> civilizations flourished around bodies
34.23 -> of water that's just because water
36.18 -> equals natural irrigation source of
38.579 -> drinkable water natural plumbing you get
41.43 -> the gist
42.35 -> you're watching Explorer mode and today
44.879 -> we're diving into four of the oldest
46.98 -> civilizations in the world let's start
50.219 -> with the oldest civilization ever the
52.739 -> Mesopotamian civilization the
55.35 -> civilization emerged between the Tigris
57.329 -> and Euphrates rivers in the Middle East
59.52 -> more specifically in modern-day Iraq and
62.37 -> Kuwait it lasted from 3500 BC to 500 BC
66.84 -> and it's known as the cradle of
69.119 -> civilizations due to the many early
71.34 -> societies and empires that arose from it
73.68 -> which include the Sumerians Acadians
76.2 -> Persians Babylonians and Assyrians human
80.61 -> settlements in Mesopotamia date all the
82.56 -> way back to the Paleolithic era known as
85.259 -> the period of early human cultural
87.299 -> development and boy did the missive
89.46 -> retainment people develop in the year
92.34 -> 3500 BC the Mesopotamian city of Urich
95.729 -> had a population of around 80,000 people
98.549 -> making it the largest city of its time
101.329 -> Mesopotamians had other things going on
103.68 -> too they were dabbling in metalwork
105.899 -> literature textile weaving irrigation
108.95 -> agriculture the wheel sailboats Cunnane
112.5 -> form text which is one of the earliest
114.63 -> writing systems in human history the
116.7 -> sexagesimal math system which we
118.95 -> continue to use today to define time
120.689 -> astrological measurements and even
122.909 -> geographical coordinates
124.96 -> this is a perfect time to shout out to
128.05 -> our previous video on the history of
129.61 -> timekeeping we cover how the Sumerians
131.98 -> use a sexagesimal system early
133.99 -> timekeeping methods modern timekeeping
136.18 -> devices etc etc click on the card or
139.51 -> check out the description box below
141.04 -> if you want to learn more they also
143.8 -> created the code of hammurabi one of the
146.35 -> earliest and best preserved written
148.45 -> legal codes created by king Hammurabi
150.43 -> who reigned from 1792 to 1750 BC during
155.14 -> the Babylonian dynasty actually let's
157.989 -> get into an explorer fact you know the
160.239 -> old saying an eye for an eye yeah that
163.15 -> was an actual law in the Code of
164.83 -> Hammurabi
165.52 -> law number 196 stated if a man destroys
169.39 -> the eye of another man they shall
171.31 -> destroy his eye this kind of law is
174.04 -> known as Lex talionis or law of
176.5 -> retaliation essentially the punishment
179.29 -> of an unlawful act needs to be
181.239 -> equivalent somehow to the offense
183.1 -> committed the Code of Hammurabi didn't
185.86 -> just cover eye destruction either
187.9 -> there are 282 laws carved onto the
191.59 -> diorite stella covering agriculture
194.11 -> property damage murder marital affairs
197.64 -> extramarital affairs women's rights
200.2 -> whatever that meant at that time slave
202.87 -> rights wages slander trade and many more
207.66 -> speaking of trade the first
209.739 -> long-distance trade took place between
211.36 -> Mesopotamia and the Indus River Valley
213.22 -> Civilization the next civilization up in
215.83 -> our list this civilization is named
218.2 -> after the river system it was located
220.209 -> around which is now modern-day northeast
222.28 -> Afghanistan Pakistan and Northwest India
225.459 -> its existence spanned from the year 3300
228.489 -> to 1300 BC like the Mesopotamians the
232.09 -> Indus River Valley Civilization also had
234.22 -> a writing system called the Indus script
236.56 -> there is one problem though no one has
239.739 -> been able to decipher their script
241.65 -> therefore the knowledge we have today on
243.88 -> the civilization is heavily reliant on
245.95 -> archaeological evidence luckily for us
248.68 -> the civilization left a lot behind
250.95 -> including two of its major cities
254.16 -> hanjo daro and Harappa the remains of
257.459 -> these two cities show extraordinary
259.07 -> organization engineering urban planning
262.05 -> and architecture for their time both
264.6 -> cities were built on a grid based design
266.73 -> and their buildings were made of bricks
268.47 -> clay bricks and Harappa and fired and
270.84 -> mortar brick in landed aru mohenjo-daro
273.69 -> was the largest of the two cities
275.46 -> covering five hundred acres in fact it's
278.4 -> the largest city of the civilization and
280.62 -> one of the largest urban centers of the
282.45 -> ancient world the city is divided into
285.03 -> two areas the Citadel and the Lower City
287.66 -> the Citadel contains one of the most
290.37 -> remarkable archeological remnants of the
292.71 -> city an 83 square metre bathing pool fed
295.8 -> by the Indus River called the great bath
297.93 -> which leads us to the explore fact for
300.21 -> the civilization sanitation sewage
303.33 -> management and water systems are three
305.67 -> things that the people of the Indus
307.05 -> River Valley Civilisation had in check
309.15 -> mohenjo-daro alone had 700 freshwater
312.51 -> wells inside its walls but the most
314.49 -> remarkable development of the Indus
316.02 -> River Valley civilization was its
317.52 -> drainage system most buildings and homes
320.01 -> had their own bathrooms which were in
321.87 -> turn connected to a centralized drainage
323.73 -> system connected by several break made
325.68 -> underground drains by the force of good
328.35 -> old trusty gravity waste would be
330.15 -> carried out of the city or into large
332.31 -> suspects that would be periodically
334.11 -> emptied keeping their homes and city
336.27 -> squeaky-clean oh and how do we know they
340.05 -> traded with the Mesopotamians well long
342.12 -> story short archaeological evidence
344.34 -> shows that in distillery and large seals
346.68 -> with none other than in descript on them
348.93 -> have been found in Mesopotamian
350.49 -> territories suggesting that these two
352.35 -> civilizations were in fact connected and
354.39 -> making business together at the same
357.39 -> time mohenjo-daro was being constructed
359.55 -> around five thousand and eighty
361.26 -> kilometres to the west pyramids were
363.57 -> being raised that brings us to our next
365.94 -> civilization the ancient Egyptian
368.58 -> civilization you've probably heard of it
370.86 -> a lot can be said about the ancient
373.44 -> Egyptians most of which has been
375.45 -> extensively yet questionably covered by
378.18 -> Hollywood although we can't blame them
380.94 -> for being obsessed with the Egyptians
383.07 -> not only is the civilization arguably
384.84 -> one of the most artistically developed
386.46 -> but it also went through vast
388.02 -> transformations over the millennia
390.09 -> there's a lot to say about the Asian
392.64 -> Egyptians so we'll run you through some
394.56 -> basic facts there's still one more
396.45 -> civilization to go after all so basic
399.66 -> facts the Egyptian civilization grew in
402.45 -> the lower reaches of the Nile River and
404.79 -> what is currently modern-day Egypt its
407.01 -> history is divided into three periods
410.27 -> disclaimer the dates of these periods
412.77 -> vary depending on who you source and
415.08 -> whether or not they include certain
416.55 -> periods we're assigning the ancient
418.44 -> history encyclopedia for this the Old
421.29 -> Kingdom period spanned from two thousand
423.78 -> six hundred and thirteen BC to two
426.09 -> thousand one hundred and eighty-one BC
428.22 -> it's also known as the age of the
430.56 -> pyramid builders as it was during this
432.69 -> period that the Pyramids of Giza were
434.34 -> built specifically during the 4th
436.92 -> dynasty under the rule of Pharaohs
438.78 -> neferu Khufu Khafre and Menkaure in fact
443.67 -> the Sphinx was built for King Joffrey
445.77 -> and the Great Pyramid of Giza for King
448.23 -> Khufu himself
449.39 -> then came the Middle Kingdom which
452.31 -> lasted from 2040 BC to 1782 BC many
458.49 -> reforms took place during these years
460.59 -> but this period mainly stands out for
462.9 -> its literary and artistic growth
465.05 -> Egyptian glyphs became widespread and
467.55 -> used to tell stories during this time
469.32 -> the New Kingdom which spanned from 1570
473.22 -> BC to 1069 BC is probably the most well
477.66 -> documented period of Egyptian
479.43 -> civilization due to the expansion of the
481.41 -> ancient Egyptian written language that
483.12 -> took place in the previous period the
485.52 -> pharaohs who reigned during this period
487.2 -> are among the most well known today
489.45 -> these include Akhenaten and his wife
491.67 -> Nefertiti King Tutankhamun who became
494.49 -> famous after his tomb was discovered in
496.44 -> 1922 and Ramses the great these larger
500.91 -> periods were interrupted three times by
503.13 -> smaller intermediate periods but maybe
505.8 -> that's another
506.96 -> on its own the ancient Egyptians also
509.81 -> had a lot to do with the history of
511.669 -> timekeeping sundials the water clocks
514.13 -> and the division of the days all came
515.93 -> from them want to learn more you know
518.36 -> where the car button is next on our list
521.089 -> is another civilization with a thing for
523.219 -> pyramids the Mayan civilization one of
526.76 -> the most prosperous pre-colonial peoples
529.01 -> in the Americas and know before you ask
532.04 -> they did not protect the end of the
533.72 -> world
534.08 -> long story short their Long Count
536.24 -> calendar stopped in 2012 because it
538.339 -> marked the end of a period did it
540.08 -> signify the end of the world in the
541.61 -> beginning of the apocalypse
542.899 -> no glad we got that out of the way
545.57 -> moving on Mayan people settled in
549.5 -> southern Mexico and northern Central
551.3 -> America in around 1500 BC as the
554.51 -> civilization developed so did its cities
556.85 -> and religious buildings its largest
559.01 -> urban centers are Tikal located in
561.44 -> modern northern Guatemala copan located
564.26 -> in western Honduras and Palenque located
567.14 -> in southern Mexico each of which was
569.24 -> ruled by a king the Mayans were heavily
571.88 -> religious and their art and architecture
573.98 -> were deeply connected to their beliefs
575.66 -> most of the pyramids at the centre of
578.149 -> their cities had divine and astronomical
580.19 -> purposes as a matter of fact the Maya
583.399 -> were exceptional at mathematics and
585.5 -> predicting celestial movements let's
587.72 -> jump into an explore fact the Mayan
590.39 -> people were pretty darn good at a lot of
592.339 -> things first off they built complex
594.56 -> cities and temples without modern
596.27 -> inventions like the wheel they had their
598.459 -> own mathematical system and they
600.23 -> invented the concept of zero their
602.66 -> hieroglyphic writing system is the only
604.73 -> writing system developed by a
606.14 -> Mesoamerican civilization and their
608.27 -> calendar systems were extremely accurate
610.67 -> they could predict solstices and equip
613.07 -> psious and their calculations of the
615.14 -> lunar month were even more accurate than
617.18 -> those of Greek astronomer Ptolemy down
619.1 -> to the deaths of
620.35 -> their preferred method of astronomical
622.269 -> tool their eyes no really they used
625.749 -> naked eye astronomy which is pretty
627.91 -> impressive considering told me had
629.589 -> access to tools such as armillary
631.269 -> spheres and quadrants although the
634.6 -> ancient Mayan Empire eventually fell the
637.36 -> Maya people did not on the contrary they
640.66 -> have survived colonization and bloody
642.67 -> civil wars according to the ancient
645.459 -> history encyclopaedia there are 6
648.04 -> million of them today who continue
650.199 -> keeping this ancestral civilization
652.179 -> alive thanks for watching explore mode
655.899 -> if you liked this video hit the thumbs
657.67 -> up button also check out our playlist if
659.949 -> you want to explore more with us but
661.689 -> before you leave make sure to hit the
663.069 -> subscribe and bele buttons to get a
664.779 -> notification whenever we upload a new
666.399 -> episode see you next week and in the
668.649 -> meantime remember to keep your Explorer
670.509 -> mode on
Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wX6J0Gd2EC8