What Made The Ancient Roman Empire So Successful? | Metropolis | Timeline
What Made The Ancient Roman Empire So Successful? | Metropolis | Timeline
Rome would never have made it into the history books without the backing of its huge military apparatus. The life and the incredible luxury the ancient city of over a million inhabitants enjoyed was only made possible through the exploitation of its colonies, a course of action that never would have been possible without its troops.
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Content
0.06 -> this channel is part of the history hit
2.399 -> Network
2.95 -> [Music]
11.28 -> over 2000 years ago the first great
14.4 -> European Capital Cities Rose around the
16.68 -> shores of the Mediterranean
21.68 -> [Music]
26.519 -> more and more people lived in
28.68 -> increasingly crowded conditions the Arts
31.38 -> Commerce and Sciences flourished
36.44 -> struggling for power and influence these
39.66 -> cities tried to outshine each other by
41.82 -> erecting magnificent buildings
46.16 -> foreign
48.14 -> people from different cultures and parts
50.94 -> of the world were drawn to these cities
53.1 -> seeking prosperity and happiness
56.39 -> [Music]
79.32 -> Rome
80.82 -> during the second Century A.D the Roman
83.58 -> Empire was at its height and the city
85.799 -> held a million inhabitants
87.84 -> [Music]
92.52 -> no city was richer more powerful or more
96.119 -> ruthless and none was so bloodthirsty
103.46 -> Monumental buildings testified to the
105.96 -> power and greatness of the Roman Empire
107.82 -> Rome was the center of the ancient world
114.24 -> foreign
123.37 -> [Applause]
124.4 -> [Music]
127.64 -> the Eternal City with its Eternal chaos
131.819 -> even two thousand years ago the Romans
134.16 -> complained about the noise and the
135.9 -> traffic Ox carts were prohibited from
138.78 -> driving through the city during the day
140.66 -> instead they robbed people of sleep at
144 -> night
144.2 -> [Music]
146.42 -> the Coliseum was the largest Arena of
149.16 -> its time and could hold 50 000
151.92 -> Spectators when it was inaugurated in 80
155.099 -> A.D the festivities ran for 100 days
160.69 -> [Music]
164.04 -> during the festival 52
167.459 -> 000 Gladiators lost their lives
170.78 -> they demonstrated to people and Emperor
173.519 -> alike that only courage in the face of
175.86 -> death
176.76 -> would make you truly great and
178.739 -> Victorious
182.3 -> the capital of the Roman Empire was also
184.98 -> the capital of crime murder manslaughter
188.64 -> and fraud were everyday events
191.28 -> [Music]
193.019 -> on the streets of Rome drusus captain of
196.14 -> the city cohort is in charge of Law and
198.42 -> Order he pursues murderers and thieves
201.36 -> and unscrupulous Traders such as
203.4 -> petronius who are not above Shady deals
207.98 -> foreign
212 -> slips into the Roman underworld
215.03 -> [Music]
217.62 -> harsh punishment awaits anyone who
220.019 -> cheats the emperor
223.32 -> [Music]
227.76 -> right next to the Coliseum
229.76 -> archaeologists are Excavating Imperial
232.5 -> Rome they are not interested in palaces
235.08 -> and Villas but in simple buildings the
237.72 -> realm of Ordinary People such as drucis
240.299 -> and petronius
243.72 -> these sites have been excavated before
245.76 -> but as the ruins held neither marble
248.459 -> statues nor Rich murals the
250.56 -> archaeologists weren't very interested
252 -> and the sights were filled in again
255.44 -> but these days excavations have a
258.6 -> different purpose archaeologists are
261 -> trying to understand how people lived at
263.82 -> the time
267 -> gradually the fines are pieced together
269.58 -> to form a picture of everyday life
272.22 -> which was amazingly like life in a big
274.62 -> modern city
291.44 -> you have to look closely at the pieces
294.12 -> to coax their story from them
307.58 -> this necklace is not made of precious
310.259 -> jewels its simple costume jewelry
312.72 -> perhaps it was a young man's gift to his
315.12 -> beloved
322.28 -> German archaeologist Richard neuidecker
325.44 -> is looking for signs of everyday life in
327.84 -> antiquity
331.5 -> he's interested in these buildings the
333.84 -> insuli the world's first large tenement
336.96 -> blocks
339.6 -> they were four to seven stories high
341.759 -> some even higher
343.74 -> living space was at a premium in Rome
347.58 -> foreign
352.22 -> knows how this city once looked what
355.68 -> happened on its squares and in its
357.66 -> alleys
362.1 -> modern Rome was built on the debris of
364.919 -> Millennia
370.259 -> it was once the ground floor of this
372.419 -> ancient tenement block Now lies eight
375.06 -> meters below ground
376.919 -> these rooms are almost 2 000 years old
380.06 -> they housed people who had come to Rome
382.56 -> to seek their Fortune
384.04 -> [Music]
387.36 -> Elizabeth
394.52 -> [Music]
405.539 -> foreign
407.32 -> [Music]
419.12 -> the lack of living space and the price
422.1 -> of land forced people to live in narrow
424.68 -> cramped houses they were dark and noisy
427.5 -> and stank horribly but the tenants were
430.8 -> still forced to pay exorbitant rents
432.81 -> [Music]
435.96 -> is
449.15 -> [Music]
454.02 -> leader
459.04 -> [Music]
467.34 -> the poor had to share accommodation with
469.68 -> strangers
470.819 -> communities forged of necessity
474.03 -> [Music]
477.18 -> the cityscape of ancient Rome had many
479.58 -> such high-rise tenement blocks separated
482.34 -> by narrow alleys
487.819 -> foreign
489.44 -> [Music]
495.139 -> they are Rome's policemen respected and
498.72 -> feared
499.32 -> [Music]
509.78 -> is heading for the market at trajan's
512.459 -> Forum an Informer has revealed that one
515.099 -> of the Traders has been watering the
516.959 -> wine which is routine but has also been
520.26 -> cheating on the tax owed to the emperor
522.62 -> drusis intends to find this villain and
525.72 -> sent him to the Coliseum as lion fodder
530.16 -> that you need
533.519 -> the history of Rome is Written in Blood
536.76 -> Legend has it that the city began with a
539.64 -> crime with the murder of a man by his
542.04 -> brother
542.62 -> [Applause]
544.94 -> on the banks of the river Tiber Rome was
548.16 -> founded in 753 BC says the legend
554.22 -> the tale begins with the Trojan hero
556.26 -> Aeneas his two descendants Romulus and
559.68 -> Remus were abandoned on the banks of the
562.5 -> river the twins would have starved to
564.66 -> death if they had not been adopted by a
566.88 -> she-wolf
569.1 -> foreign
573.26 -> over founding a city Romulus killed his
576.66 -> brother and named the new settlement
578.459 -> after himself
582.54 -> in fact Rome began as an Etruscan
585.6 -> peasant Village The Village grew to
588.06 -> become the capital of a huge Empire
590.04 -> extending from Britain to North Africa
592.5 -> from the Atlantic Ocean to the Black Sea
595.64 -> [Music]
600.26 -> wherever the Roman Legions went Roman
603.48 -> Builders erected Splendid cities here
606.24 -> the elite of the conquered land copying
609 -> their Roman Masters lived in affluence
612.98 -> foreign but in the city of Rome itself
616.14 -> everything was bigger and more
618.6 -> impressive
621.81 -> [Music]
623.88 -> the Imperial palaces on the Palatine
626.339 -> Hill here life passed in luxury and
629.339 -> extravagance
630.839 -> the Roman lifestyle set the example for
633.54 -> the entire Empire
637.98 -> but how could Ram afford all this
640.74 -> these shards reveal how Rome financed
644.399 -> all this extravagant luxury
647.88 -> Rome was known as the city of the Seven
649.92 -> Hills Monte testacio was Rome's eighth
653.579 -> Hill Jose remassal has founded a
656.64 -> rewarding excavation site for himself
658.38 -> and his group of archaeologists
665.36 -> Rome produced prodigious quantities of
668.339 -> waste Monte testacio was nothing more
671.579 -> than a gigantic tip
675 -> for the archaeologists it's nothing but
677.579 -> shards all the way down
680.88 -> foreign
687.92 -> Antiquity millions of shattered ampharas
691.14 -> were dumped here over a long period
703.14 -> with the contents of these ampharas the
705.779 -> provinces paid their tribute to the
707.76 -> emperor
708.72 -> the vessels were filled with the
710.339 -> provisions needed to feed the million
712.5 -> people then living in Rome
715.98 -> foreign
720.36 -> s tell the history of Roman trade and of
724.019 -> the tributes from the provinces and how
726.6 -> the capital was supplied with food
738.079 -> important foreign
779.48 -> the archaeologists are working on a huge
782.519 -> puzzle
784.86 -> the shapes of the fragments and their
787.139 -> inscriptions reveal that most of the
789.36 -> ampharas contained olive oil from the
791.279 -> province of hispania bayetica in
793.2 -> southern Spain today's Andalusia
799.26 -> not far from Monte to Statue were Rome's
802.2 -> docks on the Tiber here the Ampharos
804.959 -> were unloaded from cargo vessels
809.639 -> foreign
811.339 -> the docks was the quarter where this
814.019 -> endless stream of goods was stored
820.2 -> some of the warehouses are still
821.94 -> standing today squeezed into the narrow
824.639 -> space between the Tiber and modern Rome
837.24 -> the area is not open to the public but
839.94 -> Jose remusal knows its importance
850.22 -> this is what remains of a vast Trade
853.44 -> Center which once supplied the city with
855.66 -> all manner of goods
856.9 -> [Music]
860.12 -> in these vaults wholesalers stored grain
863.639 -> oil and wine and other commodities
874.92 -> foreign
883.47 -> [Music]
895.64 -> [Music]
899.639 -> phenology
904.56 -> from Spain came the popular garum which
908.1 -> most of us would find a bit on the nose
910.26 -> it was a fermented fish sauce that
913.079 -> served as a spice for many Roman dishes
915.48 -> workers repacked this expensive delicacy
918.18 -> into smaller vessels for the retail
919.74 -> trade
920.2 -> [Music]
922.26 -> wine amphoras were used over and over
924.6 -> but ampharas for oil were smashed they
928.019 -> would have been too hard to clean
934.04 -> up is
938.82 -> [Music]
951.72 -> but as trade and profits boomed so did
954.959 -> swindling smuggling and fraud
957.83 -> [Music]
959.29 -> [Applause]
960.93 -> [Music]
962.76 -> these warehouses belong to petronius he
966.06 -> deals in anything that can bring a
967.68 -> profit mostly oil and wine but it's best
970.74 -> not to ask too closely where he gets his
973.199 -> Goods
977.81 -> [Music]
985.139 -> for some years now petronius has forced
988.199 -> his clerk to fiddle the accounts and
990.06 -> falsify documents huh
998.57 -> [Music]
1005.39 -> [Music]
1009.98 -> immortales
1011.54 -> quit skeleton is
1014.84 -> [Music]
1028.24 -> catronius has no idea that druses is
1031.579 -> already closing in on him
1033.81 -> [Music]
1048.799 -> Monte testacio is testimony to the fact
1051.62 -> that on Rural Estates countless slaves
1054.44 -> worked till they dropped
1056.48 -> their labor enabled a small Roman upper
1059.419 -> class to leave the soft life
1066.02 -> Roman tax officials rigorously
1068.299 -> controlled the flow of tax revenues
1071.12 -> most of what they recorded on wax
1073.16 -> tablets and Schuster Papyrus has been
1074.96 -> lost forever
1079.82 -> but valuable in
1082.16 -> can be gained from Monty to statue's
1084.44 -> Pottery shards
1086.9 -> foreign
1113.66 -> an elaborate network of Roads connected
1116.299 -> the Roman provinces but most of the
1118.82 -> tribute arrived by sea olive oil and
1122.419 -> fish sauce from Spain
1124.4 -> wine and grain from Sicily and North
1126.74 -> Africa
1130.82 -> ovens's tribute kept Rome viable exact
1134.48 -> accounts were recorded tax officials
1136.7 -> marked every Emperor with their seal
1142.1 -> the contents of each amphora were
1144.02 -> carefully noted so that nothing could be
1146.12 -> pilfered
1151.15 -> [Music]
1155.559 -> for a long time petronius has been at
1158.6 -> thorn in the Century's flesh but until
1161.179 -> now druses has lacked proof
1165.34 -> the refused
1171.14 -> now Deuces has definite information
1173.38 -> someone has denounced Petronas for
1176.24 -> failing to pay
1177.76 -> taxes the seals on the amphorus give him
1180.86 -> away
1182.179 -> this highest habit cranky murimus nearly
1186.14 -> storm convenient comfortable is probably
1188.24 -> kiss
1193.37 -> [Music]
1211.419 -> petronius is caught red-handed all he
1214.4 -> can do is flee
1215.7 -> [Music]
1219.38 -> from Austria he could have left Rome
1221.9 -> forever
1225.08 -> he Port was located 30 kilometers from
1227.299 -> the city Gates
1228.74 -> docking at Austria were ships from every
1231.5 -> corner of the Mediterranean though some
1234.14 -> never reached their destination as is
1236.48 -> shown by a sensational Discovery in Pisa
1240.24 -> [Applause]
1250.76 -> perhaps the port was already patrolled
1253.16 -> in Antiquity as it surely attracted
1255.799 -> anyone seeking to start a new life
1257.419 -> abroad
1259.36 -> two thousand years ago Pisa was a
1261.98 -> Mediterranean Port just like Austria but
1264.86 -> today Pisa is 10 kilometers Inland
1269.26 -> in 1998 construction workers discovered
1272.66 -> this Roman Port during excavations for a
1275.24 -> new railway station
1277.66 -> pumps prevent the excavation site from
1280.28 -> flooding as the archaeologists have to
1282.559 -> work below groundwater level
1284.35 -> [Music]
1287.9 -> the muddy ground kept the air away from
1290.72 -> the Timbers thus preserving entire Roman
1293.659 -> ships and their cargos
1295.47 -> [Music]
1300.799 -> um
1301.7 -> foreign
1306.91 -> [Music]
1322.13 -> [Music]
1338 -> for the archaeologists this discovery in
1340.76 -> Pisa was uniquely lucky
1343.28 -> the conditions have rarely been so ideal
1345.559 -> for preserving materials such as wood
1347.48 -> that readily decay
1349.68 -> [Music]
1352.82 -> along with ampharas from the ship's
1354.679 -> cargo the archaeologists discovered
1357.14 -> objects preserved in mud that had been
1359.6 -> found nowhere else
1362.14 -> a piece of leather perhaps from a
1364.7 -> Sailors kit
1366.98 -> put that a little bit off
1368.75 -> [Music]
1382.58 -> in the mud of the harbor the
1384.919 -> archaeologists have begun to release the
1386.96 -> hull of another ship
1390.26 -> they owe their Discovery to a tragic
1392.179 -> accident the ship must have reached Port
1394.64 -> safely when it capsized and sank in a
1397.88 -> storm
1399.799 -> foreign
1403.22 -> the
1404.799 -> archaeologists found a brush probably
1407.36 -> used by a young sailor to scrub the deck
1409.4 -> just before the storm hit
1414.4 -> once the ships have been cleaned it's a
1416.96 -> Race Against Time as the Timbers crumble
1419.419 -> when exposed to air
1423.26 -> engineers and archaeologists secure the
1425.96 -> hulls with the framework of Steel
1427.48 -> through plastic pipes under a fiberglass
1430.52 -> covering the wood is soaked with resin
1433.22 -> solution to preserve it
1437.179 -> when this work is finished the ships
1439.52 -> await transport to the museum workshops
1444.919 -> planks from the ships and the docks were
1447.44 -> also retrieved
1448.88 -> scarring indicates a ship may have
1451.28 -> rammed the dock in a storm and sunk
1453.74 -> before its cargo could be unloaded
1458.72 -> um
1475.039 -> materials
1504.559 -> most tribute payments were brought to
1506.84 -> Roman ships like these the only way to
1509.36 -> transport such large loads
1511.7 -> they delivered Goods to all the big
1513.74 -> ports of the Roman Empire the most
1516.2 -> important of these was ostia the port
1518.48 -> for Rome
1519.559 -> but natural disaster must have overcome
1522.02 -> them
1527.36 -> their cargos might have been intended
1529.46 -> for the market at trajan's Forum in Rome
1532.37 -> [Music]
1540.08 -> Richard neuidecker believes that the
1542.299 -> market played a special role in Roman
1544.64 -> Life
1547.4 -> Emperor trajan ordered the construction
1549.32 -> of a trading center in the year 110 A.D
1553.039 -> it was a project so huge the part of one
1556.1 -> of the city's Hills even had to be
1558.26 -> removed
1560.3 -> [Music]
1563.14 -> 150 shops offered Romans whatever their
1566.059 -> hearts desired fresh vegetables from the
1568.52 -> region wheat from North Africa spices
1571.1 -> from Asia the finest tableware expensive
1574.64 -> cosmetics and precious jewelry from
1577.34 -> distant provinces
1579.04 -> [Music]
1582.799 -> does probably come here is
1589.7 -> [Music]
1623.6 -> on the ground floor with the shops those
1626.6 -> at the front were open to the street but
1628.88 -> were shut with boards at night
1631.039 -> to prevent theft and burglary the
1633.62 -> markets were patrolled by guards
1641.72 -> here a better class of shopkeepers
1643.88 -> leased their premises it was a desirable
1646.58 -> area for a store so the rents were
1648.919 -> probably high
1651.86 -> foreign
1657.22 -> stories housed offices of the city
1659.9 -> Administration
1663.02 -> here poor people could register for free
1666.08 -> food however only male Romans enjoyed
1669.98 -> this privilege other Romans who did not
1673.039 -> have to worry about surviving from day
1674.6 -> to day could apply to have the public
1677.059 -> water supply connected to their homes
1681.85 -> [Music]
1699.1 -> and uh
1701.059 -> fantastic foreign
1725.96 -> foreign
1732.02 -> public areas were always extremely
1734 -> important to Roman society because life
1736.52 -> took place not indoors but on the street
1745.419 -> this was true of all Roman cities
1749.059 -> a tragedy has preserved one of them in
1751.4 -> its entirety Pompeii
1755.799 -> Pompeii lies at the foot of Mount
1757.76 -> Vesuvius one of the world's most
1759.74 -> dangerous and unpredictable volcanoes
1763.07 -> [Music]
1766.12 -> no one knows when Vesuvius will erupt
1768.74 -> again but three million people still
1771.32 -> live in the shadow of the volcano
1775.08 -> [Music]
1778.94 -> British archaeologist Rick Jones came to
1781.58 -> Pompeii to research how a Roman city
1784.1 -> functioned in antiquity
1789.98 -> our anglo-american project in Pompeii is
1792.74 -> trying to study how the city that was
1794.419 -> destroyed in 1879 came to be like that
1797.299 -> how the whole mix of big houses of rich
1800.179 -> and poor of
1802.12 -> medium-sized houses of workshops and
1804.32 -> bars came to be created over a period of
1808.159 -> some several centuries maybe five
1809.899 -> centuries and to examine that within the
1813.02 -> space of one complete block of the city
1817.52 -> Pompeii was a small City set in the
1820.22 -> countryside amid Gardens and Vineyards
1822.74 -> still many aspects of day-to-day
1824.779 -> existence must have been similar to
1826.279 -> those in Rome so Pompeii can serve as a
1829.399 -> model of life in every Roman City
1839.919 -> Pompeii is a time machine which will
1843.38 -> take you on a journey into the Roman
1845.48 -> past
1847.94 -> nowhere else is the everyday life of
1850.64 -> ancient times so palpable
1853.2 -> [Music]
1857.96 -> the city's last day was virtually Frozen
1860.84 -> in mid-action
1862.17 -> [Music]
1863.779 -> in the year 79 A.D Mount Vesuvius broke
1867.08 -> apart spat fire rained ashes and
1870.799 -> obliterated the city
1874.24 -> The Colonnade of a luxurious Villa
1878.44 -> the head of this family ran a bakery
1881.779 -> these millstones ground grain into fine
1884.84 -> expensive flower or intercourse flour
1887.36 -> considered good enough for the poor and
1889.159 -> to slaves
1890.23 -> [Music]
1893.2 -> the stable with the animals that turned
1896.779 -> the millstones
1898.159 -> they perished in the hot and poisonous
1900.2 -> gases as did all those who could not
1902.539 -> flee the city in time
1909.74 -> foreign
1912.59 -> [Music]
1918.52 -> generations of archaeologists have
1920.84 -> excavated Pompeii but there are still
1923.36 -> new discoveries to be made
1925.52 -> with the help of more than a hundred
1927.44 -> staff Rick Jones is currently exploring
1930.32 -> a whole block of Pompeii
1934.399 -> their common goal is to reconstruct life
1936.38 -> as it once was in this ancient city
1942.15 -> [Applause]
1943.52 -> these are the remains of an evening meal
1945.919 -> at which wild boar was served but only
1949.279 -> wealthy households had kitchens with
1951.02 -> their own stove the poor bought their
1953.419 -> meals on the street or in cheap taverns
1960.65 -> [Applause]
1962.98 -> there were hundreds of these taverns in
1965.36 -> ancient Rome
1966.559 -> congregating there were denizens of the
1969.2 -> underworld and those with nothing more
1971.539 -> to lose least of all their good name
1977.82 -> [Music]
1983.679 -> petronius cannot return home because the
1986.539 -> police are after him so he's come here
1988.88 -> believing he will be safe
2002.5 -> [Music]
2004.779 -> oh
2006.96 -> [Music]
2009.69 -> [Applause]
2012.88 -> [Music]
2029.14 -> Abby hi videos
2035.019 -> now petronius has made enemies
2038.32 -> but someone on the run from the city
2040 -> cohort can't afford to make enemies
2048.879 -> previous excavations in Pompeii
2051.24 -> concentrated primarily on its last day
2054.28 -> but now scientists are digging deeper to
2057.52 -> find out more about the ways the city
2059.2 -> evolved
2060.46 -> the houses were continually rebuilt
2062.8 -> changing over time like the people
2068.2 -> foreign
2069.61 -> [Applause]
2073.599 -> the archaeologists are searching
2075.7 -> specifically for small items
2080.859 -> the surgeon's house was first excavated
2083.379 -> in 1926 his surgical instruments were
2086.619 -> given to a museum long ago now the
2089.32 -> history of the building and the changes
2091.54 -> in society are being examined more
2093.58 -> closely
2096.339 -> what we're finding is that the the rich
2099.82 -> and simple terms got richer and the poor
2101.92 -> got poorer we see a process by which the
2105.7 -> um the bigger houses got bigger more
2108.04 -> luxurious more well appointed with
2110.74 -> mosaics and fountains whereas the poor
2113.68 -> are squeezed into smaller spaces into
2116.32 -> upstairs spaces into tighter plane all
2120.04 -> round whether it within the big house as
2121.66 -> the servants and slaves or within the
2123.64 -> bars
2126.7 -> all right what's going on here below the
2130.119 -> street archaeologists uncover a lead
2132.64 -> pipe which brought fresh spring water to
2135.28 -> public fountains and to some Villas but
2137.74 -> only wealthy households were connected
2139.54 -> to this water supply
2141.94 -> foreign
2146.52 -> s enjoyed none of the luxuries typical
2149.44 -> of the Roman lifestyle
2151.42 -> Roman cities functioned because slaves
2153.76 -> did the heavy work and because Roman
2156.22 -> Engineers devised Technologies which
2158.619 -> made life more comfortable the houses of
2161.14 -> the rich had running water bathrooms and
2164.14 -> underfloor Heating
2170.32 -> but much greater demands were placed on
2172.3 -> Builders and city planners in Rome than
2174.7 -> in Pompeii
2177.599 -> people who lived in Rome suffered from
2180.099 -> the problems of any big city the sheer
2182.619 -> scale of it is something that is only
2184.839 -> really paralleled in modern times
2187.66 -> and so they had many of the problems of
2189.4 -> congestion of
2191.02 -> expensive accommodation of difficulties
2193.24 -> of sleeping at night because of the
2194.74 -> noise all those things that were would
2198.28 -> go with people being crammed together in
2200.44 -> a tight Urban space
2206.8 -> Rome was greedy for water
2209.44 -> drinking water for private and public
2211.48 -> welds water for decorative fountains in
2214.359 -> upper-class houses and water for the
2217 -> numerous public baths
2218.91 -> [Music]
2220.119 -> eight aqueducts brought millions of
2222.46 -> liters of water into the city every day
2227.32 -> the arch was a Roman invention as was
2230.5 -> cement
2231.46 -> it was these lightweight arches that
2233.859 -> made the aqueducts possible but
2236.02 -> eventually even the finest Spring Water
2238.96 -> ends its run as stinking sewage
2244.78 -> the stench pervaded all of Rome even the
2248.26 -> Fallen Roman
2249.82 -> here there were temples honoring the
2252.7 -> gods here the Senate conferred and
2255.28 -> created policies and high society used
2257.98 -> to meet
2263.2 -> from ramanam is the entrance to the
2265.3 -> city's underworld today is close to
2267.88 -> tourists the famous cloaca Maxima
2275.2 -> all of Rome's sewage both the refuse and
2278.14 -> the human waste flowed through here
2284.619 -> more than two thousand years ago Rome
2287.14 -> already had a sewerage system
2288.96 -> nevertheless large quantities of sewage
2292.3 -> and rubbish ended up in the streets
2301.3 -> back then oil lamps burned in the niches
2304.54 -> of these dark tunnels they provided a
2307.18 -> feeble light for the work of Maintenance
2309.04 -> Crews the sewers frequently blocked and
2312.339 -> had to be cleaned regularly
2316.18 -> 600 meters of the kawaka Maxima are
2319.42 -> still part of today's system in spite of
2322 -> his aqueducts and sewerage system rum
2324.76 -> suffered from a lack of hygiene
2329.619 -> is
2331.67 -> [Music]
2372.82 -> so the city's water supply was also a
2375.22 -> source of disease
2376.72 -> this was centuries before organisms were
2379.42 -> known to cause disease so people
2381.46 -> resorted to home remedies
2383.74 -> cabbage for instance was said to be a
2386.26 -> cure even for cancer
2391.31 -> [Music]
2392.4 -> Vietnam is
2426.48 -> the health centers of Roman cities were
2429.579 -> the hot spring baths
2431.32 -> only wealthy Romans could afford doctors
2434.14 -> most came from Greece like Galen he
2437.859 -> started his Roman career as Doctor to
2439.9 -> the Gladiators and later became the
2442 -> emperor's personal physician
2444.89 -> [Music]
2447.28 -> many Romans had already finished work by
2449.619 -> lunchtime and spent the rest of the
2451.599 -> afternoon at the baths they practiced
2453.88 -> Sports enjoyed the baths or had a
2457.119 -> massage
2458.14 -> here they were able to leave the dusty
2460.66 -> streets and hectic pace of City Life
2462.46 -> Behind
2464.66 -> [Music]
2472.66 -> the Roman Museum of archeology houses
2475.3 -> the largest collection of artworks and
2478 -> everyday objects from ancient Rome
2487.359 -> in the Laboratories Specialists work
2489.82 -> tirelessly to preserve this heritage
2494.619 -> the marble for these statues often came
2497.02 -> from far away some of it from North
2499.24 -> Africa wealthy Romans commissioned these
2501.94 -> Works to decorate their homes
2505.54 -> but it was not the artists and Artisans
2508 -> who were admired it was the buyers
2511 -> beautiful objects gave the owners a
2513.76 -> higher social status and they enjoyed
2516.099 -> flaunting it
2523.839 -> everything can be found in the Museum's
2526.3 -> storerooms from the simplest objects for
2528.76 -> daily use to magnificent artifacts from
2530.98 -> The Emperor's Palace
2535.88 -> [Applause]
2538.06 -> these objects are eloquent about the
2540.28 -> city splendor but also about people
2542.8 -> whose lives were spent in the shadows
2547 -> is
2571.119 -> estimento
2596.2 -> the Romans were fond of surrounding
2598.06 -> themselves with the Beautiful Things
2599.5 -> even objects for daily use were created
2602.2 -> with an artistic sense
2605.8 -> understand
2607.24 -> ing
2610 -> the humblest cooking utensils were
2612.339 -> decorated
2614.32 -> [Music]
2619.74 -> money everyone in Rome knew that
2623.14 -> anything could be bought with money even
2625.839 -> votes and official positions traitors
2628.3 -> and informers
2635.16 -> thank you
2638.619 -> foreign
2640.38 -> never slept
2642.839 -> night was the time for delivering
2645.28 -> everything which would be needed the
2646.96 -> following day
2648.28 -> but those who Moved Through Rome's dark
2650.5 -> streets at night had to be wary and not
2653.38 -> just of gangs of robbers
2656.65 -> [Music]
2665.39 -> [Music]
2678.28 -> foreign
2681.359 -> is only a question of time and money
2684.94 -> [Music]
2685.35 -> [Applause]
2687.86 -> [Music]
2704.15 -> [Applause]
2707.38 -> petronios
2712.599 -> foreign
2715.73 -> [Music]
2721.08 -> [Laughter]
2726.78 -> [Music]
2731.26 -> among the last drinkers the arrest
2733.24 -> causes only a slight stir
2735.7 -> but for petronius it is the beginning of
2738.7 -> a nightmare from which there will be no
2740.56 -> Awakening
2747.28 -> the Colosseum above was the arena
2750.76 -> down here stretches a Labyrinth of
2753.52 -> narrow alleys and Tiny Chambers
2756.4 -> until recently not all their functions
2758.44 -> were known
2760.06 -> [Music]
2762.579 -> the architectural historian Heinz Jurgen
2765.22 -> bester has studied this complex minutely
2768.04 -> he has concluded that the structures
2770.02 -> beneath the floor of the Arena were part
2772.18 -> of an elaborate stage Machinery that
2775 -> could suddenly release starving Lions
2777.48 -> Panthers and tigers into the arena
2780.57 -> [Music]
2782.26 -> with more than 100 performances per year
2784.54 -> the Coliseum had to come up with more
2786.76 -> and more Sensational acts to keep the
2789.22 -> public interested
2796.839 -> um
2818.619 -> what appeared miraculous to The
2820.599 -> Spectators was really hard work
2822.88 -> performed by a skilled stage crew below
2825.7 -> the Arena's wooden floor while the
2828.099 -> crowds roared in their seats above teams
2830.5 -> of soldiers slaves and animal Tamers
2832.9 -> were busy below running the stage
2835.06 -> machinery
2838.859 -> nowhere else could Romans get so close
2841.18 -> to their emperor
2842.68 -> for him the behavior of the crowds was a
2845.68 -> barometer of public sentiment at times
2848.02 -> he could even be booed
2850.96 -> people and Emperor watched the same
2853.48 -> spectacle despite the cruelty of
2856.18 -> combatants being stabbed or mauled to
2858.22 -> death for the audience it was merely
2860.26 -> another entertainment
2862.54 -> foreign
2872.74 -> foreign
2893.64 -> [Music]
2897.599 -> men and women fight for their lives
2900.24 -> [Music]
2905.56 -> foreign
2909.77 -> [Music]
2913.56 -> has cheated the emperor and can expect
2916.359 -> no mercy with murderers and Temple
2919.3 -> robbers he waits to make his entries
2927.32 -> [Music]
2932.2 -> [Applause]
2933.76 -> thank you
2937.31 -> [Music]
2939.06 -> with their bare hands
2941.56 -> tapless prisoners must fight lions and
2944.38 -> bears for public amusement
2947.51 -> [Applause]
2952.72 -> many Gladiators were highly trained
2954.819 -> professional fighters who could achieve
2957.16 -> recognition and even wealth
2964.18 -> some of them became celebrated Stars
2966.52 -> adored by a fanatical public
2969.099 -> that is as long as they manage to stay
2971.38 -> alive
2972.91 -> [Music]
2980.02 -> at the Coliseum the law was kill or be
2983.26 -> killed
2985.37 -> [Applause]
2996.78 -> Salvage such as Crockett
3000.38 -> Captain drewsis does not want to miss
3003.18 -> this spectacle especially as it's his
3005.52 -> day off he's looking forward to exciting
3008.4 -> games and Unforgettable fights that will
3010.98 -> be talked about for days not unlike
3013.56 -> sporting events in today's world
3015.62 -> [Music]
3021.73 -> [Applause]
3028.44 -> but there were some criticism as well
3031.2 -> this is how the philosopher and
3033.06 -> politician Seneca condemned it
3036.54 -> man once sacred to his own kind is now
3040.68 -> murdered for amusement as if it were
3042.78 -> again people find the killing of one man
3045.839 -> at the hands of another a welcome
3047.94 -> spectacle
3049.51 -> [Music]
3053.35 -> [Applause]
3054.89 -> [Music]
3063.599 -> visitors from all the provinces gathered
3066 -> at the world's largest Arena to see the
3068.64 -> famous Gladiators fight each other
3073.339 -> Rome was mighty and it was merciless
3082.38 -> the Roman Empire lasted a thousand years
3085.04 -> its Center was the great city of Rome
3088.16 -> with all the advantages of big city life
3091.02 -> there were problems as well
3093.599 -> the first city in history with a million
3095.88 -> inhabitants struggled with problems such
3098.099 -> as traffic congestion housing shortages
3100.88 -> and crime
3102.96 -> problems which routinely appear where a
3105.839 -> great number of people live together
3108.18 -> they existed then as they do now
3111.119 -> and they will most likely exist in the
3114.059 -> future
3116.18 -> [Music]
Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XUXxMgtFz7E